Industry utility

Sulfonic Acid-Based Dyestuffs. Sulfonic acid-derived dyes are utilized industrially in the areas of textiles (qv), paper, cosmetics (qv), foods, detergents, soaps, leather, and inks, both as reactive and disperse dyes. Of the principal classes of dyes, sulfonic acid derivatives find utiUty in the areas of acid, azoic, direct, disperse, and fiber-reactive dyes. In 1994, 120,930 t of synthetic dyes were manufactured in the United States, of which 5,600 t were acidic (74). The three largest manufacturers of sulfonic acid-based dyes for use in the United States are BASF, Bayer, and Ciba-Geigy. 

Base Metal Finishes. The low cost of base metal finishes obviates selective coating. Electro deposition is used for 0.5—5 p.m thick coatings of tin and tin—lead alloy, usually about 50 wt % Sn, 50 wt % Pb, on electronic connector contacts, on contacts at the edges of printed circuit boards, and on terminals. Sheet copper alloys that have been coated with tin—lead alloy are widely used for contacts that are stamped and then formed into the desired shapes, such as pins having a closed end and sockets. Aluminum connectors that have utility—industrial appHcations are more thickly coated, and hot-dipping in molten tin is common. 

The Combined (Brayton-Rankine) Cycle The 1990s has seen the rebirth of the combined cycle, the combination of gas turbine technologies with the steam turbine. This has been a major shift for the utility industry, which was heavily steam-tnrbine-oriented with the use of the gas turbine for peaking power. In this combined cycle, the hot gases from the turbine exhaust are used in a heat recoveiy steam generator or in some cases in a snpplementaiy fired boiler to produce superheated steam. 

Selection and insteillation of an integrated air pollution control system do not end the concern of the utility industry. Maintenance and operational problems of the system are considered by many engineers to be the weak link in the chain of power generation equipment (6). The reliability of the... 

Venmri scrubbers have been applied to control PM emissions from utility, industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers fired with coal, oil, wood, and liquid waste. They have also been applied to control emission sources in the chemical, mineral products, wood, pulp and paper, rock products, and asphalt manufacrnring industries lead, aluminum, iron and steel, and gray iron production industries and to municipal solid waste incinerators. Typically, venturi scrubbers are applied where it is necessary to obtain high collection efficiencies for fine PM. Thus, they are applicable to controlling emission sources with high concentrations of submicron PM. 

RO membrane performance in the utility industry is a function of two major factors the membrane material and the configuration of the membrane module. Most utility applications use either spiral-wound or hollow-fiber elements. Hollow-fiber elements are particularly prone to fouling and, once fouled, are hard to clean. Thus, applications that employ these fibers require a great deal of pretreatment to remove all suspended and colloidal material in the feed stream. Spiral-wound modules (refer to Figure 50), due to their relative resistance to fouling, have a broader range of applications. A major advantage of the hollow-fiber modules, however, is the fact that they can pack 5000 ft of surface area in a 1 ft volume, while a spiral wound module can only contain 300 ftVff. 

A major market which has developed for fabric fillers is for the control ot flue-gas fly ash in the utility industry. This market is primarily at the expen.se of electrostatic precipitators. Fabric filters have the inherent advantage of operating at a high level of collection efficiency tor a wide range of dust and gas conditions. 

The advent of competition has virtually transformed the industry in evei y aspect, including its name. In the not too recent past, the industry was referred to as the electric utility industry. Today, given its significantly wide and numerous participants, it is more appropriate to refer to the industry as the electric power industry. This new power industry has new power generation and sales participants with names such as qualifying facilities, exempt wholesale generators, merchant facilities, small power production facilities, power marketers, and sales aggregators. 

Reliability of electric energy supply is an important requirement in modern society, and consumers in developed countries have grown to expect electricity to be available on demand. The electric utility industry in North America and throughout the rest of the developed world is undergoing considerable change as open transmission access and consumer choice are... 

Kushler, M. (1998). An Updated Status Report of Public Benefit Programs in an Evolving Electric Utility Industry. Washington, DC American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. 

Many events signaled the beginning of a lengthy transition period for the utility industry in general, and more specifically, for the facility planning activity. The timeline m many instances was blurred, with some of the blurring attributable to a reluctance to change. 

United States oil and utility industry companies spend over 100 million to influence federal government energy policy. 

R. McClelland I might add a couple of comments to that. Certainly, Consolidated Natural Gas as well as a number of other mid-Westem utilities are looking at medium Btu gas for some applications. But these are typically in locations where you have a high density of large commercial or industrial consumers that can burn low Btu gas. Certainly, from the comments that I have heard in the utility industry, I think Bill Bair is right. For residential and commercial applications, to the extent the gas industry has to increase supplies beyond that which might be displaced by medium Btu industrial gas substitution, we will certainly need methanation. 

Since the SCADA systems sensors provided valuable information, many utilities and other industries established connections between their SCADA systems and their business system. This allowed utility/industrial management and other staff access to valuable statistics, such as chemical usage. When utilities/industries later connected their systems to the Internet, they were able to provide stakeholders/stockholders with usage statistics on the utility/industrial web pages. Figure 7.1 provides a basic illustration of a representative SCADA network. Note that firewall protection (see chapter 9) would normally be placed between the Internet and the business system and between the business system and the MTU. 

ASTM standard method D2283-86 defines the Askarel mixtures used by the utility industry (Table 5). The result of retrofilling older Askarel transformers is the presence of trace PCBs in refurbished oil filled equipment. McGraw [369]... 

The Aroclor mixtures that were commonly in commercial use are listed in Table 6, with PCB isomers, molecular weights, and percentages of chlorine in each [368,370 - 373]. Table 7 lists the specific isomers found in three of the major Aroclors used by the utility industry. This table also provides a listing of key environmental parameters used to evaluate the fate and transport of these PCBs. 

IEEE SCC 36 Reviews, recommends and solicits the development of standards relevant to the gas, water, and electric utility industries on a worldwide basis with respect to utility communication architecture. This SCC coordinates standards-development activities with other relevant IEEE groups and sponsors standards-development activities that are appropriate to the needs of the utility industry. 

The crosslinking copolymerization of unsaturated polyesters with styrene is utilized industrially for the production of surface coatings. More extensive are applications in fiber-reinforced plastics where the unsaturated polyesters are used as a matrix for inorganic and organic fibers (see Example 5-20). Areas of application are (large) parts in boats, vehicles, and sport equipment construction. 

A fabric baghouse is a common technology in the utility industry for removal of PM. These devices can achieve very high PM reductions since they are a barrier filter. However, the bags are prone to tear, do not react well to temperature excursions,... 

Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are currently being developed for natural gas and coal-based power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications. MCFCs are high-temperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically inert ceramic lithium aluminium oxide (LiAI02) matrix. Since they operate at extremely high temperatures of 650°C and above, non-precious metals can be used as catalysts at the anode and cathode, reducing costs. 

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