Analyzer automatic

A schematic diagram showing the general construction of an arc or spark source. Actual construction details depend partly on whether samples need to be analyzed automatically. The sample material can be placed on the cathode or can even compose the whole of the cathode. If graphite is used, the sample needs to be pressed into the shape of a cathode after admixture with the carbon. 

The analyzer automatically moves the filters that designate the lower and upper limits of each narrowband window to correspond with the actual running speed at the time the data are collected. To activate this function, the technician must either manually enter the running speed or use a tachometer input to trigger data acquisition. 

Screening of compound libraries with medium throughput is only possible if the spectra can be recorded in a short period of time, and if one measurement gives simultaneously a number of answers. In practice, several ligands are usually measured in one protein sample, depending on the problem [5]. Mostly 10-20 ligands are combined to multiplexes, which need to be deconvoluted if a positive answer, as shown in Fig. 1 is obtained. The hits obtained maybe analyzed automatically or by hand through manual inspection of the spectra. 

A general purpose program has been developed for the analysis of NMR spectra of polymers. A database contains the peak assignments, stereosequence names for homopolymers or monomer sequence names for copolymers, and intensities are analyzed automatically in terms of Bernoullian or Markov statistical propagation models. A calculated spectrum is compared with the experimental spectrum until optimized probabilities, for addition of the next polymer unit, that are associated with the statistical model are produced. 

Kansiz et al. has published a paper wherein they used MIR and sequential injections to monitor an acetone-butanol fermentation process.17 In this work, acetone, acetate, n-butanol, butyrate, and glucose were analyzed automatically, using computer-controlled sampling techniques. In this case, gas chromatography was the reference method. The SEPs for the components were acetone, 0.077 acetate, 0.063 butyrate, 0.058 -butanol, 0.301 and glucose, 0.493 g/1. The authors state that the precision and accuracy of the MIR methods were as good as the reference method. 

The data obtained by MS is analyzed automatically by a data analyzer and retrieved for interpretation either manually or with the aid of a computerized system. MS instruments for proteomics should possess the following characteristics... 

Consumption of Sample or Reactant Orsat analyzers Automatic titrators... 

Certain amounts of soy sauce from different fermentation vessels are blended in the bottling process to maintain the favorite quality of soy sauce. Raw soy sauce in each fermentation vessel has different chemical compositions. Up to now, the blending ratio was decided on the basis of results of time-consuming chemical analyses of each lot of the soy sauce. At present, however, chemical compositions are analyzed automatically using the NIR. 

The plant is controlled by a process computer (ABB-Hartmann and Braun) and equipped with numerous data-collecting instruments. Surveillance is carried out by continuous analysis of the room air as well as by explosion-limit controls. The pyrolysis gas is analyzed automatically by a gas chromatograph. All data obtained are registered to enable calculation of energy and mass balances. Some basic components are continuously monitored by infrared spectroscopy, i.e. ethylene in the pyrolysis gas, sulphur dioxide and oxygen in the exhaust gas. 

Figure 10. The blank signals obtained in seawater of various salinities in the silicate analysis (14). Key top, automatic refractive index matching using the manifold shown in Figure 7 and bottom, the refractive index of the injected reagent was adjusted with sulfuric acid to 7nitiimize the blank sigfial when 34 ppt of seawater was analyzed. Automatic refractive index matching...

In the kinetics experiments, a fresh sample was first reduced at 400°C in flowing hydrogen for 6-24 hours. (Potassium-promoted catalysts required longer reduction times.) The catalyst was then cooled to 200°C and the gas flows adjusted to the desired synthesis conditions. Gas samples were analyzed automatically every 1 to 3 hours. At the first reaction temperature the reaction was allowed to proceed for 20-24 hours. Subsequent 10-degree incremental increases in temperature were followed by reaction for 10-12 hours. 

To operate the Opus analyzer, the operator selects a test and provides other information through an interactive touch screen/LCD display. When prompted, the operator inserts one assay-specific test module per test into the loading port of the instrument. The loader transports the test module to a 20 position incubated rotor where the test module is equilibrated to 37 C. The analyzer prompts for sample cup and pipette tip trays. Once these trays are supplied, the analyzer automatically picks up a new pipette tip, aspirates the sample and dispenses the sample onto the test module. For certain assays the pipettor also transports conjugate, substrate or other reagents from the test module wells to the test module dispense port. After processing, the test module is rotated to the read position where the fluorimeter takes measurements. The rotor then moves the used test module to the loader/ ejector where it is... 

Weise et al. (1987) proposed saturating food and fermentation samples by bubbling with air directly in the reaction vessel of a modified automated sampler. During the oxygenation, hydrolysis of the analytes sucrose, glucosinolate, or starch was performed. Up to 60 samples per hour could be analyzed automatically with good precision. 

More demanding are hydrothermal reactions, for example to synthesize zeolites, though these can also be extensively parallelized. The first publication concerned a semiparallel zeolite synthesis procedure, where the gel was loaded into a relatively small Teflon vessel, of which 96 were arranged on one block [15]. As in most zeolite syntheses the hydrothermal treatment is the most time-consuming step, parallelizing this step immediately saves a considerable amount of time. The next important step was reported recently by W.F. Maier and co-workers, who used a spatially resolving X-ray diffractometer by AXS to analyze automatically a library of possible zeolites in which the individual members were present in only minute amounts, i.e., on the milligram scale [16]. 

More recently. Ochs et al applied Bayesian methods to the processing of chemical shift images where a large number of spectra have to be analyzed automatically. 

AA Analyzer, Automatic acetaldehyde measuring system, TopWave International, Inc. 

Subsequent to the determination of parent ion molecular weights, further structural information is obtained by MS/MS. The TLC-MALDI DataViewer enables to manually select zones by pick a peak and to complete the acquisition of MS/MS spectra within a few seconds The picked spectrum is opened in flex-Analysis and the precursor ion of interest is selected for MS/MS. In FlexControl, these selected precursor ions are MS/MS analyzed automatically. 

The ACA analyzer automatically calculates and prints the CREA result in mg/dL [ imol/L]. 

One of the few practical applications of NIR to gases has been its proposed use as a monitoring system for natural gas. In the United States, the composition of natural gas and its British Thermal Unit (BTU) content in transmission lines is measured at each state boundary. At present, gas samples are taken offline and analyzed automatically by gas chromatography (GC). In the case of several transmission lines crossing at a specific location, a system is set up to automatically sample each of the lines periodically. Flow meters are then used to measure the volume of gas consumed by each customer. 

The most common X-ray tubes use Cu (K line 1.5418 A) or Mo (K line 0.71073 A) as the target elements. For organic pigments the 29 range is usually 4-35°. For inorganic compounds the range is 29 = 4-60°. Modern instruments are computerized and equipped with autosamplers, and thus many samples can be analyzed automatically without operator intervention. Typical runs are 30 min long for one sample. 

Of course it is only possible to analyze automatically, which has been automated or implemented into the model. Just like the idea of P-diagrams show, analyses and verifications are only as good as their foundations, which are available for the analysis or verification. The benefit of model-based analyses is that the processes could be automated and results can be supplied automated to further analyses and becomes repeatable. 

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