Sodium butyrate

Sodium butyrate [156-54-7] M 110.1. Prepared by neutralisation of the acid and recrystn from EtOH. 

Coumarin formation proceeds via an intramolecular attack by enol ester 9 on the ketone to give 10. Dehydration of 10 then affords coumarin 11. It has been observed that coumarins are favored when higher order homologs of acetic anhydride and their corresponding salts such as propionic anhydride/sodium propionate and butyric anhydride/ sodium butyrate are used. 

A Preparation of a-Ethyl-m-Nitrocinnamic Acid This acid is prepared from 100 g of m-nitrobenzaldehyde, 210 g of butyric anhydride and 73 g of sodium butyrate. The crude a-ethyl-m-nitrocinnamic acid is crystallized from ethanol giving about 105 g, MP 140° to 142°C. From the filtrates there may be isolated a small amount of a stereoisomer, which when pure melts at 105° to 106°C. 

HAGUE A, MANNING A M, HANLON K A, HUSCHTSCHA L I, HART D, PARASKEVA C (1993) Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53-independent pathway impUcations for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large-bowel cancer. /ni J Cancer. 55 498-505. 

HAGUE A, DIAZ G D, HICKS D J, KRAJEWSKI s, REED c, PARASKEVA c (1997) Blc-2 and bak may play a pivotal role in sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells however over expression of blc-2 does not protect against bak-mediated apoptosis. Int. J. Cancer 72 898-905. 

FIG. 8 Potential oscillation at interface o/wl with SDS as surfactant with (A) no electrolyte, (B) with lOOmM NaCl, (C) lOOmM KCl, (D) lOOmM CsCl, (E) lOOmM MgClz, (F) lOOmM CaClj, (G) lOOmM BaClj, (H) lOOmM FeClj, (I) lOOmM NaF, (I) lOOmM NaBr, (K) lOOmM Nal, (L) lOOmM sodium acetate, (M) 100 mM sodium propionate, (N) 100 mM sodium -butyrate, (O) lOOmM sodium w-valerate, ( ) lOOmM tetramethylammonium chloride, (Q) 20mM tetra-ethylammonium chloride, (R) 20 mM tetrapropylammonium chloride, and (S) 20 mM tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride in phase wl. Phase w2 contains 8mM SDS and 5M ethanol and phase o contains 5mM tetrbutylammonium chloride. (Ref. 27.)... 

Cummins, C. L., Mangravite, L. M., Benet, L. Z., Characterizing the expression of CYP3A4 and efflux transporters (P-gp, MRP1, and MRP2) in CYP3A4-transfected Caco-2 cells after induction with sodium butyrate and the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate,... 

Short chain fatty acids Sodium butyrate MCE310 Pathway analysis shows activity [36]... 

Like Class I HDACs, all Class II HDACS are inhibited by trichostatin A (TSA). However, unlike other family members, HDAC6 is uniquely resistant to the potent HDAC inhibitors trapoxin-B (Furumai et al, 2001) and sodium butyrate as a... 

One of the first HDAC inhibitors to be identified and characterized was sodium butyrate, where it was found to alter the histone acetylation state (Riggs et al, 1977), and further determined to inhibit HDAC activity both in vitro and in vivo (Candido et al, 1978). Almost a decade later trichostatin A (TSA), a fungistatic antibiotic, was found to induce murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation (Yoshida et al, 1987). To date, a wide range of molecules have been described that inhibit the activity of Class I and Class II HDAC enzymes, and with a few exceptions, can be divided into structural classes including (1) small-molecule hydroxamates, such as TSA, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), scriptaid and oxamflatin (2) short-chain fatty-acids, such as sodium butyrate, sodium phenylbutyrate and valproic acid (VPA) (3) cyclic tetrapeptides, such as apicidin, trapoxin and the depsipeptide FK-228 and (4) benzamides, such as MS-275 and Cl-994 (for reviews see Remiszewski et al, 2002 Miller et al, 2003). Some of these molecules are represented in Fig. 4. 

HD In Drosophila models of Huntington s disease, the HDAC inhibitors SAHA and sodium butyrate arrest the progressive neuronal degeneration and lethality (Steffan et al, 2001). SAHA and sodium butyrate have also been demonstrated to extend survival, ameliorate motor deficits and delay characteristic neuropathology in the mouse Huntington s disease model, R6/2 (Ferrante et al, 2003 Hockly et al, 2003). In NaBu-treated animals, animals displayed enhanced acetylation status of histones and pro-survival transcription factors like Spl and reduction in several neuropatho-logical hallmarks like striatal neuronal atrophy (Ferrante et al, 2003). Consistent with the idea that HDAC inhibition relieves transcriptional repression and that protection is downstream of mutant htt, neither SAHA nor sodium butyrate decreased mutant htt expression or aggregates (Ferrante et al, 2003 Hockly et al, 2003). 

La Spada et al, 1991). Treatment of SBMA transgenic mice with sodium butyrate, by oral administration, increased histone acetylation in spinal cord tissue and ameliorated the functional and histopathological defects associated with SBMA (Minamiyama et al., 2004). 

Buggy JJ, Sideris ML, Mak P, Lorimer DD, McIntosh B, Clark JM (2000) Cloning and characterization of a novel human histone deacetylase, HDAC8. Biochem J 350(R 1) 199-205 Candido EP, Reeves R, Davie JR (1978) Sodium butyrate inhibits histone deacetylation in cultured cells. Cell 14(1) 105-113... 

Ferrante RJ, Kubilus JK, Lee J, Ryu H, Beesen A, Zucker B, Smith K, Kowall NW, Ratan RR, Luthi-Carter R, Hersch SM (2003) Histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium butyrate chemotherapy ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotype in Huntington s disease mice. J Neurosci... 

Joseph J, Mudduluru G, Antony S, Vashistha S, Ajitkumar P, Somasundaram K (2004) Expression profiling of sodium butyrate (NaB)-treated cells Identification of regulation of genes related to cytokine signaling and cancer metastasis by NaB. Oncogene 23 6304—6315 Kao H-Y, Lee C-H, Komarov A (2002) Isolation and characterization of mammalian HDACIO A novel histone deacetylase. J Biol Chem 277 187-193... 

Isolated di- and trinucleosomes Hyper-acetylated CE chromatin fibers isolated in the presences of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate... 

Bernhard D, Ausserlechner MJ, Tonko M, Loffler M, Hartmann BL, Csordas A, Kofler R. (1999) Apoptosis induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate in human leukemic lymphoblasts. FASEB J 13 1991-2001. 

HV188 Tamagawa K., S. Fukushima, M. Kobori, H. Shinmoto, and T. Tsushida. Proanthocyanidins from barley bran potentiate retinoic acid-induced granulocytic and sodium butyrate-induced monocytic differentiation of... 

TABLE 3.3 TGF p-1 expression of Caco-2 cells treated with DHA-PS and sodium butyrate... 

The key palladium intermediate is a carboalkoxypalladium complex formed through the nucleophilic attack by alcohol on carbonyl coordinated to palladium. The addition of a base with the appropriate pK, [sodium butyrate pK, = 4.82 (H20)] promotes the formation of die palladium carboxylate (22).93 The reaction is a general method for formation of inorganic alkoxycarbonyl derivatives. 

This study describes the effect of sodium butyrate on glyco-lipids from four human colonic tumor cell lines, SKCO-1, HT-29, SW-480 and SW-620 and a human fetal intestinal line, FHS. 

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