Water-soluble polyme

Goddard G D 1986 Polymer-surfaotant interaotion. Part 1. Unoharged water-soluble polymers and oharged surfaotants Colloid Surf. 19 255-300... 

Cabane B and Dupplessix R 1985 Neutron soattering study of water-soluble polymers adsorbed on surfaotant mioelles Colloids Surf. 13 19-33... 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a useful water soluble polymer It cannot be prepared directly from vinyl alcohol because of the rapidity with which vinyl alcohol (H2C=CHOH) isomenzes to acetaldehyde Vinyl acetate however does not rearrange and can be polymerized to poly(vinyl acetate) How could you make use of this fact to prepare poly(vinyl alcohol)" ... 

Polylacrylic Acid) and Poly(methacrylic Acid). Glacial acrylic acid and glacial meth-acrylic acid can be polymerized to produce water-soluble polymers having the following structures ... 

POWDERS,HANDLING - DISPERSION OF POWDERS IN LIQUIDS] (Vol 19) Cationic water-soluble polymers... 

Water solubility Water-soluble fluxes Water-soluble polymers... 

Dichromated Resists. The first compositions widely used as photoresists combine a photosensitive dichromate salt (usually ammonium dichromate) with a water-soluble polymer of biologic origin such as gelatin, egg albumin (proteins), or gum arabic (a starch). Later, synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) also were used (11,12). Irradiation with uv light (X in the range of 360—380 nm using, for example, a carbon arc lamp) leads to photoinitiated oxidation of the polymer and reduction of dichromate to Ct(III). The photoinduced chemistry renders exposed areas insoluble in aqueous developing solutions. The photochemical mechanism of dichromate sensitization of PVA (summarized in Fig. 3) has been studied in detail (13). 

Two important classes are cellulose esters (qv) and cellulose ethers (qv). Cellulose esters are not water soluble and are not discussed here cellulose ethers are an important segment of water-soluble polymers. 

With the proper ratio of nutrients and oxygen feed, a water-soluble polymer is produced and accompanied by growth in the microorganism population. Both contribute to the viscosity of the medium and this limits the production process. Fermentation processes require more strenuous mixing and control conditions. 

Cationic monomers are used to enhance adsorption on waste soHds and faciHtate flocculation (31). One of the first used in water treatment processes (10) is obtained by the cyclization of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride in 60—70 wt % aqueous solution (43) (see Water). Another cationic water-soluble polymer, poly(dimethylarnine-fi9-epichlorohydrin) (11), prepared by the step-growth... 

The Hterature on the preparation and appHcation of numerous synthetic cationic quaternary water-soluble polymers has been reviewed in detail (46). 

Two inorganic water-soluble polymers, both polyelectrolytes in their sodium salt forms, have been known for some time poly(phosphoric acid) (12) and poly(siHcic acid) (13). A more exciting inorganic water-soluble polymer with nonionic... 

A. E. Broderick (Union Carbide). HEC did not become a viable commercial product until the early 1960s. In addition to the general production problems and market development costs, new products face a variety of environmental controls in the 1990s that add more constraints to market development. None the less two more recentiy developed water-soluble polymers have achieved limited market acceptance and are described below. 

Minimization of the elastic behavior of the fluid at high deformation rates that are present when high molecular weight water-soluble polymers are used to obtain cost-efficient viscosities at low shear rates. 

Providing coUoidal stabiHty to disperse phases in aqueous media, not achievable with traditional water-soluble polymers. 

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