Development, market

Antioxidants are used in a large number of polymers to inhibit oxidative degradation during processing, storage, and service. The market development is decisively influenced by growth in bulk plastics. 

Phenolic antioxidants are most widely used, followed by organic phosphites and sulfur compounds. Aromatic amines tend to discolor strongly and are a toxicological concern, so that they play only a minor role in polymer stabilization [525]. 

In recent years, stabilizers have been and are still being continuously improved in terms of effectiveness, color fastness, migration, and processability. Many of the newly introduced compounds thus are variations of familiar structures, developed to improve particular secondary characteristics [525]. 

This trend is generally reflected in the wide pallet of tailored stabilizer systems and one packs the latter contain a variety of processing aids in addition to antioxidants and light stabilizers. These processing aids exhibit excellent compatibility with other additives such as light stabilizers and eliminate the need for extensive 

Newly established antioxidants based on lactone are suitable for food contact thanks to their low migration tendency and the fact that they require only low load levels [525]. 

---

A. E. Broderick (Union Carbide). HEC did not become a viable commercial product until the early 1960s. In addition to the general production problems and market development costs, new products face a variety of environmental controls in the 1990s that add more constraints to market development. None the less two more recentiy developed water-soluble polymers have achieved limited market acceptance and are described below. 

The new fiber has physical properties (Table 2) sufficientiy different from regular rayon to aUow an initial market development strategy that does not... 

Koch Chemical Company is the only U.S. suppHer of all PMBs (except hexamethylbenzene). Its process has the flexibility of producing isodurene, prehnitene, and pentamethylbenzene, should a market develop. Koch s primary process (20) is based on isomerization, alkylation, and disproportionation conducted in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. For the synthesis of mesitylene and hemimellitene, pseudocumene is isomerized. If durene, isodurene, or prehnitene and pentamethylbenzene are desired, pseudocumene is alkylated with methyl chloride (see Alkylation Friedel-CRAFTSreactions). 

Answers to the first question can be illustrated by giving some examples (see Table 1). Eastman Chemical reengineered its innovation process and doubled the value of its R D portfoho (71—74). A team at Eastman was asked to provide (/) an assessment of the then-current innovation process, (2) a vision of the ideal process, (J) a flow chart of the modified process, (4) measures of the process, and (5) key roles and responsibihties. The team identified four main subprocesses needs identification, concept development, implementation, and market development. 

The detailed analysis, involving many respondents inside and outside the company, led to changes in the overall innovation process, ie, a company-wide priority system for innovation projects, measures of innovation for each functional and business area, training and supportive management systems for project managers, informal multifunctional teams in concept development and market development, a stmctured needs identification process, and appointment of a process steward to monitor the innovation process, measure how it functions, and coordinate innovation projects. 

Sulfolane was first described ia the chemical Hterature ia 1916. It has been noted for its exceptional chemical and thermal stabiUty and unusual solvent properties. The search for a commercial process to produce sulfolane began about 1940. Market development quantities became available ia 1959. Siace then, both the use of and the appHcations for sulfolane have iacreased dramatically. 

In addition, the copper industry s market development activities have resulted in appHcations such as clad ship hulls, sheathing for offshore platforms, automotive electrical systems including electric vehicles, improved automobde radiators, solar energy, fire sprinkler systems, parts for fusion reactors, semiconductor lead frames, shape memory alloys, and superconducting ceramics (qv) containing copper oxides. 

Grades of polyisobutylene, butyl mbber, halogenated butyl mbber, and partially cross-linked isobutylene—isopiene—divinylbenzene terpolymer have been developed to meet specific processing and property needs. Recently, two new polyisobutylene-based elastomers have been developed. One is now available commercially as Exxon SB Butyl Polymers (32) and the other is under market development as Exxon bromo XP-50. 

Degenerate Explosion it was a free radical autocatalytic process and control was difficult, but manageable. The main disadvantage was that it produced as much or more acrolein as propylene oxide. Because no market existed for acrolein at that time, the project was abandoned. Within two years, the acrylic market developed and a new project was initiated to make acrolein and acrylic acid by vapor-phase catalytic oxidation of propylene. 

A few eompanies are eurrently making dramatie ehanges to the way in whieh produets are brought to market, developing their own new produet development proeesses whieh are employed and supported on site. Current industrial models whieh are referred to in the literature inelude ... 

From diese various estimates, die total batch cycle time t(, is used in batch reactor design to determine die productivity of die reactor. Batch reactors are used in operations dial are small and when multiproducts are required. Pilot plant trials for sales samples in a new market development are carried out in batch reactors. Use of batch reactors can be seen in pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, biochemical, and dye industries. This is because multi-product, changeable demand often requues a single unit to be used in various production campaigns. However, batch reactors are seldom employed on an industrial scale for gas phase reactions. This is due to die limited quantity produced, aldiough batch reactors can be readily employed for kinetic studies of gas phase reactions. Figure 5-4 illustrates die performance equations for batch reactors. 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

The most spectacular case of products arising from a catalyst invention is that of the stereospecific hydrocarbon polymers made possible by the Ziegler-Natta work on aluminum alkyl/transition metal halide combinations around 1950. Until these catalysts existed, polypropylene, polyiso-prene, and cis-polybutadiene could not be made, and linear polyethylene could not be made cheaply. For each of these products, very large investments were needed in big plants and in market development before they were competitive with the established, big thermoplastics and rubbers. Entrance fees ran into tens of millions of dollars. 

If the material has sufficient intrinsic property enhancement, newly designed parts can allow for the optimal utility of the material. Again, if sufficient market develops, resources can be deployed to optimize the... 

G. Pritchard, Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics Technology and Market Developments, Rapra Technology Industry Analysis Report, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shaw-bury (1999). 

Doel C. (1996). Market development and organisational change the case of the food industry , in Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M. Retailing, Consumption and Capital Towards the New Retail Geography Longman, Harlow. 

The Sasol 1 facility is still in commercial operation. Over a period of more than 50 years, many changes in fuel specifications and opportunities in chemicals markets developed. In order to remain profitable, the operation of the Sasol 1 site changed considerably over this period. The three most important changes that took place were ... 

Over the past years, the annual revenues of Philips DAP have been rising steadily, underlining the importance of this division. These last five years an overall growth of almost 28% was generated, resulting 2,130 million euros in sales. It is the combined effort of marketers, developers, designers and manufacturers that has given Philips DAP a solid market position in the field of domestic appliances. 

ADHESIVES MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED SALES SECTORS... 

Situated between the solid and gaseous states as the only non-metallic element liquid at ambient temperature, bromine is sandwiched in the periodic table between the ubiquitous chlorine and the rather rare iodine. In terms of production volumes it is neither a bulk commodity chemical like chlorine, nor a speciality chemical like iodine. And commercially, bromine is beset by uncertainty. Until the 1970s, the major market forbromine was in dibromoethane - a co-additive for leaded petrol. The phase-out of lead in petrol could have spelled the collapse of the bromine industry, but alternative bromine markets developed and the industry both rationalised and flourished. However, although world bromine production continues to increase slowly, fresh environmental concerns have emerged and the industry is once more under threat. Details are given. 19 refs. 

The focus on the start-up phase of a hydrogen infrastructure, by taking into account uncertainties of future market development over the step-by-step optimisation (myopic approach) and the influence of single production plants (using integer variables), thus allowing economies of scale to play out. 

Table 2 reports the expected market development of major RRM-based products [7] notably, the potential market may significantly enlarge if the progressive introduction of biorefineries decreases the production costs, on one side, and increases the number of biomass-based products on the other side. 

Swogger, K.W., Carnahan, E.M., Hoenig, W.D., and Frencham, A.R., The Development of a New Generation of Novel High Performance Olefin Elastomers Erom Molecular Design to Market Development, SPEANTEC Tech. Papers, 52, 1008 (2006)... 

---