Water-soluble polymers analysis

PROPERTIES AND USE IN ANALYSIS OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER - POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE... 

The packed columns of Shodex OHpak SB-800HQ series are packed with polyhydroxymethacrylate gels and are designed for use with high-resolution, high-speed aqueous size exclusion chromatography. The packed columns are best suited for the analysis of water-soluble polymers and proteins (Table 6.8). 

Polyacrylic acid (pAA) homopolymers and related copolymers have become a commercially important class of water-soluble polymers. Acrylic acid polymers can range in molecular mass from less than 1000 Da to greater than 1,000,000 Da. A representative set of analysis conditions is... 

Quantitative NMR analysis may also be applied to water-soluble polymers or copolymers in some cases. Polymers usually have large molecular weights and are heterogeneous in size. However, the proton NMR signals of some polymers... 

Even if relatively new, HF FIFFF has been used to separate supramicrometer particles, proteins, water-soluble polymers, and synthetic organic-soluble polymers. Particle separation in HF FIFFF has recently been improved, reaching the level of efficiency normally achieved by conventional, rectangular FIFFF channels. With these channel-optimized HF FIFFF systems, separation speed and the resolution of nanosized particles have been increased. HF FIFFF has recently been examined as a means for off-line and on-line protein characterization by using the mass spectrometry (MS) through matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (M ALDl-TOF MS) and electrospray ionization (ESl)-TOF MS, as specific detectors. On-line HF FIFFF and ESl-TOF MS analysis has demonstrated the viability of fractionating proteins by HF FIFFF followed by direct analysis of the protein ions in MS [38]. 

It has been found that the polymer surface having appropriately grafted nonionic, water-soluble polymer chains minimizes protein adsorption and cell adhesion. It should be noted that such minimum protein adsorption has been well known for a long time for hydrogels used for protein analysis such as polyacrylamine (PAAm) gel for electrophoresis, sephadex for protein gel filtration, and soft agar for cell culture. It is likely that the surface structure of these hydrogels resembles that of the grafted surface described above. 

If the sample is readily soluble in the mobile phase, GPC is unmatched by any other mode of chromatography for simplicity, since the entire analysis is accomplished in a column volume. The time and effort required to develop a separation is less than any other mode of HPLC. It can be of immense value in the purification or organic and inorganic synthesis reaction mixtures, purification of natural products extracts, and for the rapid clean-up of extracts (from plants, insects, soil, etc.) prior to the assay of small molecules. Aqueous size separation is referred to as gel filtration chromatography and is very useful for protein separations and the analysis of water-soluble polymers. 

For the analysis of water-soluble polymers (such as surfactants, oligosaccharides, PEGS, lignosulfonates, polyacrylates, polysaccharides, PVA, cellulose derivatives, PEG, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylamides, hyaluronic acids, CMC, starches, gums) and for separations of oligomers and small molecules, columns that are comprised of macroporous material with hydrophilic functionalities may be used. The requirement for these columns in SEC mode is to eliminate or minimize ionic and hydrophobic effects that make aqueous SEC (otherwise known as GFC) very demanding. The interaction of analytes with neutral, ionic, and hydrophobic moieties must be suppressed. It is often necessary to modify the eluent (addition of salt) in order to avoid sample-to-sample and sample-to-column interactions that can result in poor aqueous SEC separations and low recoveries. 

Relatively purified proteins are easily crystallized at >1%, usually 5-10%, of the protein concentration in buffer. So, crystallization is the final stage of purification, and useful for storage of proteins and X-ray crystal structure analysis. In protein chemistry, crystallization does not mean the protein is 100% pure even though it is in crystalline form. As described for salting out, a crystallized protein is in a solid state together with precipitation aids such as salts, organic solvents, water-soluble polymers etc. 

Churaev, Nikologorodskaya, and co-workers (33) investigated the Brownian and electrophoretic motion of silica hydrosol particles in aqueous solutions of an electrolyte at different concentrations of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the disperse medium. The adsorption isotherms of PEO on the surface of silica particles were obtained. The thickness of the adsorption layers of PEO was determined as a function of the electrolyte concentration and the pH of the dispersed medium. The results can be used in an analysis of the flocculation and stabilization conditions for colloidal dispersions of silica (with non-ionogenic water-soluble polymers of the PEO type). 

The fate analysis of the biodegradation of water soluble polymers has long been a concern of the detergent industry [64], The biodegradation of such compounds in an aerobic environment is assessed by a carbon balance of the process using the following equation [65] ... 

This chapter covers the applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of water-soluble polymers. The structural analysis of poly(oxyethylene), poly ethylene glycol), poly methacrylic acid), and poly acrylic acid), and the interactions of selected polymers with solvents and surfactants are presented. Structural features of these compounds in the crystalline and melt states are compared with their structural features upon dissolution in aqueous solvents. Special emphasis is given to the recent studies of the interactions between water-soluble polymers or copolymers and solvents or surfactants. New experimental approaches and the sensitivities of both FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to monitor such interactions are presented. 

Because the level of hydrophobic monomer in the feed is usually low (<1 mol %), no analysis has been successful in measuring hydrophobe incorporation into the polymer. To date, hydrophobe incorporation has been inferred on the basis of a comparison of hydrophobe-containing polymer solution properties to those of corresponding polymers with no hydrophobe. The subject of this chapter is to present recent results obtained with a technique developed to quantitatively determine the incorporation of hydrophobic monomer into a water-soluble polymer. 

Analysis of polymer solubility in chloroform indicates that the solution of polymer XV shows a tendency toward precipitation. On the contrary, polymer XTV, bearing a more flexible diamine component, forms solutions up to a concentration of 0.2%, and polyimides xi-xm are soluble up to a concentration of 0.5%. Water-soluble polymer XVII was produced by the selective sulfonation of PPI XVI which is soluble in organic solvents. 

A.V. Pirogov and O.A. Shpigun, Application of water-soluble polymers as modifiers in electrophoretic analysis of phenols. Electrophoresis, 24, 2099-2105, 2003. 

Microstructural Analysis of Paste and Interfacial Transition Zone in Cement Mortars Modified with Water-soluble Polymers... 

The paper describes the backscattered electron image analysis procedure, as well as the effects on thicloiess and composition of the ITZ and the cohesion and cracking of the bulk cement paste of water-soluble polymer-modified cement mortar. 

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