Water soluble polymers solution

A theoretical prediction of water-soluble polymer solutions is difficult to obtain due to their ability to build up aggregations and associations. A prediction of the viscosity yield is much easier to observe for solutions of synthetic polystyrene due to its simple solution structure. These solutions have been well characterized in other studies [19-23] concerning their chemical composition, molar mass and sample polydispersity. 

AmjadZ (1998) Water soluble Polymers Solution Properties and Application, Plenum Press 1998, ISBN 0-306-45931-0... 

Future work should concentrate on large diameter (both short and tall) bubble columns. The applicability of the existing correlation should be examined for these columns for a variety of organic liquids and electrolytes and different types of gas distributors. Very little is known about the bubble dynamics and the gas holdup in a bubble column containing highly viscous polymeric solution and water soluble polymer solutions. This area should be explored. 

Selective separation and concentration of both cations and anions using water-soluble polymer solutions LM as carriers and hoUow-fiber units (artificial kidneys) as membrane barrier were tested. The authors termed the process as affinity dialysis [74]. Hollow fiber units of Spectrum Medical Industries, Inc. with fibers of 5000 molecular weight cutoff and 150 cm surface area from Spectrapor were used in the experiments. 

The PEG/water, PPG/water, and PVAL/water are among the most extensively studied water-soluble polymer solutions. These systems typically show a closed-loop phase behavior (Figure 16.4). Results for some ternary systems have been reported many of these data are for PEG/Dextran/water and PEG/water/salts and related systems, which are important for separating biomolecules such as proteins. Only few data for PEG or other hydrogen bonding polymer with mixed water solvents have been reported. 

Amjad Z (2002) Water soluble polymers - solution properties and applications. Kluwer Academic, New York... 

The viscosity stability of water-soluble polymer solutions is critical to their performance in many application areas this is particularly true in petroleum recovery processes. The importance of viscosity stability in mobility control buffer applications (i.e., in polymer augmented water flooding and as a low cost viscosifying medium behind more expensive chemical slugs in EOR) has been highlighted by Chang(l) and in drilling by Thomas(2). Maerker(3) has cited the... 

A. Preparation of Water-Soluble Polymer Solutions. Aqueous W-SP solutions were prepared by adding the required weight of polymer to 300cc of deionized water under vigorous agitation (Waring blendor) for approximately 20 seconds. The dispersed polysaccharide slurries were immediately added to 700cc of water and stirred by blade impellers until dissolution occurred. 

Thus, a knowledge and control of the pseudoplastic nature of the water soluble polymer solutions used for enhanced oil recovery is extremely important. 

Behavior of Two Water Soluble Polymer Solutions Mixture... 

In the shaded portion of the diagram the water soluble polymer solution mixture was heterogeneous. Each phase of it was an aqueous solution of PAS and aqueous solution of PEG, and there was not observed any PAS in the PEG phase solution. For example, the supernatant of the mixture of a 10% PEG solution and a 5% PAS solution was a PEG phase and the PAS concentration was about 3 wt% of that of PEG. 

Lochhead RY. Water-soluble polymers solution adsorption and interaction characteristics. Cosmet Toilet. 1992 107 131-132, 134, 136-138, 140, 142, 146-148, 150, 152-156. 

Liquid-liquid extraction using water-soluble polymer solutions provides a mild, nondenaturing extraction system for proteins [1,7]. The most familiar example is partition between a relatively hydrophilic dextran phase and a relatively hydrophobic PEG phase. The selectivity of the two phases can be modulated by addition of salts very high selectivity can be achieved by binding an affinity ligand to a fraction of the PEG polymers. In the case of affinity liquid-liquid extraction, recovery of protein requires modification of the phase to dissociate the bound protein from the polymer, e.g., by a pH change. 

AZU Azuma, H., Hanada, K., Yoshikawa, Y., Baba, Y., and Kagemoto, A., Heats of dilution of water-soluble polymer solutions, Thermochim. Acta, 123,271, 1988. 

Hassan CM, Peppas NA (1998) Polym Mater Sci Eng Proc 79 473 Hassan CM, Trakarnpan P, Peppas NA (1998) In Amjad Z (ed) Water soluble polymers solution properties and applications. Plenum Press, New York, pp 31-40 Hassan CM, Peppas NA (1998) Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 25 50 Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA (1995) Polym Mater Sci Eng Proc 73 22 Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA (1997) AIChE J 43 870 Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA (1997) J Controlled Release 45 87 Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA, Colombo P (1996) Polym Mater Sci Engin Proc 74 416... 

Dichromated Resists. The first compositions widely used as photoresists combine a photosensitive dichromate salt (usually ammonium dichromate) with a water-soluble polymer of biologic origin such as gelatin, egg albumin (proteins), or gum arabic (a starch). Later, synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) also were used (11,12). Irradiation with uv light (X in the range of 360—380 nm using, for example, a carbon arc lamp) leads to photoinitiated oxidation of the polymer and reduction of dichromate to Ct(III). The photoinduced chemistry renders exposed areas insoluble in aqueous developing solutions. The photochemical mechanism of dichromate sensitization of PVA (summarized in Fig. 3) has been studied in detail (13). 

Cationic monomers are used to enhance adsorption on waste soHds and faciHtate flocculation (31). One of the first used in water treatment processes (10) is obtained by the cyclization of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride in 60—70 wt % aqueous solution (43) (see Water). Another cationic water-soluble polymer, poly(dimethylarnine-fi9-epichlorohydrin) (11), prepared by the step-growth... 

Water—Glycol Solutions. These materials are transparent solutions of water and glycol having good low temperature properties. They frequently contain water-soluble additives to improve performance in corrosion resistance, anti-wear, etc. A water-soluble polymer is commonly utilized to boost viscosity. As solutions their advantage over emulsions is their inherent stabdity. 

Spray Drying. Spray-dry encapsulation processes (Fig. 7) consist of spraying an intimate mixture of core and shell material into a heated chamber where rapid desolvation occurs to thereby produce microcapsules (24,25). The first step in such processes is to form a concentrated solution of the carrier or shell material in the solvent from which spray drying is to be done. Any water- or solvent-soluble film-forming shell material can, in principle, be used. Water-soluble polymers such as gum arable, modified starch, and hydrolyzed gelatin are used most often. Solutions of these shell materials at 50 wt % soHds have sufficiently low viscosities that they stiU can be atomized without difficulty. It is not unusual to blend gum arable and modified starch with maltodextrins, sucrose, or sorbitol. 

The alkaline solutions can remove water-soluble polymers in the spinning mix and inert products such as titanium dioxide. Basic treatments can also hydroly2e a certain amount of the polyester itself. For some silk-like appHcations or for producing fine denier fabrics, this basic treatment can produce a 10—30% weight loss of polyester (190,196). Certain polyesters such as anionically modified polyester can undergo more rapid weight loss than regular polyester (189). 

Commercially, HEC is available in a wide range of viscosity grades, ranging from greater than 500 mPa-s(=cP) at 1% soHds to less than 100 mPa-s(=cP) at 5% total soHds. Because HEC is nonionic, it can be dissolved in many salt solutions that do not dissolve other water-soluble polymers. It is soluble in most 10% salt solutions and in many 50% (or saturated) salt solutions such as sodium chloride and aluminum nitrate. As a rule, the lower substitution grades are more salt-tolerant. 

HEC is generally compatible with other ceUulosic water-soluble polymers to give clear, homogeneous solutions. When mixed with an anionic polymer such as CMC, however, interactions between the two polymers may result in synergistic behavior, ie, viscosities higher than predicted and calculated. HEC has excellent compatibiUty with natural gums. 

Properties. MethylceUulose [9004-67-5] (MC) and its alkylene oxide derivatives hydroxypropylmethylceUulose [9004-65-3] (HPMC), hydroxyethylmethylceUulose [9032-42-2] (HEMC), and hydroxybutyknethylcellulose [9041-56-9] (HBMC) are nonionic, surface-active, water-soluble polymers. Each type of derivative is available in a range of methyl and hydroxyalkyl substitutions. The extent and uniformity of the methyl substitution and the specific type of hydroxyalkyl substituent affect the solubifity, surface activity, thermal gelation, and other properties of the polymers in solution. 

HPC is compatible with many natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers and gums (50). Generally, blends of HPC with another nonionic polymer such as HEC yield water solutions having viscosities in agreement with the calculated value. Blends of HPC and anionic CMC, however, produce solution viscosities greater than calculated. This synergistic effect may be reduced in the presence of dissolved salts or if the pH is below 3 or above 10. 

The polymers are of interest as water-soluble packaging films for a wide variety of domestic and industrial materials. (Additional advantages of the poly(ethylene oxide)s are that they remain dry to the feel at high humidities and may be heat sealed.) The materials are also of use in a number of solution application such as textile sizes and thickening agents. As a water-soluble film they are competitive with poly(vinyl alcohol) whereas in their solution applications they meet competition from many longer established natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers. 

The end-use applieations of water-soluble polymers require aeeurate means to eharaeterize the moleeular weight distribution (MWD) and to provide a better understanding of produet performanee. The moleeular weight affeets many physieal properties sueh as solution viseosity, tensile strength, bloek resistanee, water and solvent resistanee, adhesive strength, and dispersing power. Commereially available polymers sueh as poly(vinyl aleohol). 

In previous works [18-20,23,102] water-soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide (pAM), polysodium acrylate (pAA Na), poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate) (pAM-AA Na), poly(acrylamide-diallyethylamine-hy-drochloride) (pAM-DAEA-HCl), and poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate-diallyethylamine-hydrochloride) (pAM-AANa-DAEA-HCl) were used in the recovery of cations and some radioactive isotopes from aqueous solutions. It was found that the floe is formed between the added polymer and ions of the solution in the flocculation process with the formation of a crosslinked structure. The formed cross-linked structure is characterized by [103-105] ... 

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