Water-soluble polymers synthetic

Synthetic water-soluble polymers are substances that dissolve, disperse or swell in water and by these processes modify the physical properties of aqueous systems in the form of gelation, thickening or emulsification, and stabilization. These polymers usually have repeating units or blocks of units contain hydrophilic groups that are substituted or are incorporated into the backbone. The hydrophilic groups may be nonlonlc, anionic, cationic, or amphoteric. 

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HPC is compatible with many natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers and gums (50). Generally, blends of HPC with another nonionic polymer such as HEC yield water solutions having viscosities in agreement with the calculated value. Blends of HPC and anionic CMC, however, produce solution viscosities greater than calculated. This synergistic effect may be reduced in the presence of dissolved salts or if the pH is below 3 or above 10. 

The polymers are of interest as water-soluble packaging films for a wide variety of domestic and industrial materials. (Additional advantages of the poly(ethylene oxide)s are that they remain dry to the feel at high humidities and may be heat sealed.) The materials are also of use in a number of solution application such as textile sizes and thickening agents. As a water-soluble film they are competitive with poly(vinyl alcohol) whereas in their solution applications they meet competition from many longer established natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers. 

TSK-GEL PW type columns are commonly used for the separation of synthetic water-soluble polymers because they exhibit a much larger separation range, better linearity of calibration curves, and much lower adsorption effects than TSK-GEL SW columns (10). While TSK-GEL SW columns are suitable for separating monodisperse biopolymers, such as proteins, TSK-GEL PW columns are recommended for separating polydisperse compounds, such as polysaccharides and synthetic polymers. 

TSK PW columns and Shodex OH-pak columns are made respectively by Toyo Soda and Showa Denko and have become very popular aqueous SEC columns for synthetic water-soluble polymers since the early 1980s. Linear or... 

This chapter describes the use of three commercially available SEC column types for the characterization of nonionic, anionic, and cationic, synthetic water-soluble polymers. These include TSK-PW, Synchropak, and CATSEC columns. Specific examples and experimental procedures are discussed for each type of column. Elowever, the major emphasis is on the use of TSK-PW columns due to their broad applicability for a variety of water-soluble polymers. 

In addition to polymer standards, a number of broad distribution, water-soluble polymers can be characterized on TSK-PW columns using universal calibration. These include both fully and partially hydrolyzed PVA, PAAM, PEE, and dextran. PVA, the world s largest-volume, synthetic, water-soluble polymer, was first successfully separated on TSK-PW columns by Hashimota et al. (10). In the 1980s, the use of low-angle, laser light-scattering detection... 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Herman, D. P, Field, L. R., and Abbott, S., The size-exclusion chromatographic behavior of synthetic water-soluble polymers on diol bonded phase supports, /. Chromatogr. Sci., 19, 470, 1981. 

Bekturov, E. A. and Bakanova, Z. Kh., Synthetic Water-Soluble Polymers in Solution, Huthig, Heidelberg, 1981. 

Synthetic tanning agents (syntans), 9 190 Synthetic transporter, 24 58 Synthetic water-soluble polymers, 20 441-443... 

Figure 3 Schematic illustration of a hybrid hydrogel system—genetically engineered coiled-coil protein domains used to crosslink synthetic water-soluble polymers. Divalent transition metal ions are shown to form complexes with nitrogen-oxygen-donor ligands on the synthetic polymer side chains and the terminal histidine residues in the coiled coils.

It is a synthetic, water soluble polymer of molecular weight approximately 40,000. It is 3-5% solution in buffered physiological saline administered intravenously. It produce agglutination of RBC s and therefore interferes with blood grouping and cross matching and also releases histamine. It also binds certain drugs i.e. insulin, penicillin etc. Because of these drawbacks, it is less commonly used. 

Synthetic water-soluble polymers Concn of PVA/CMC desize wastes... 

Since the dissolution of polymeric materials is the key to this mechanism, the polymers used must be water-soluble and/or degradable in water. The choice of a particular polymer for a particular controlled release dosage form depends on various factors such as the dissolution mechanism, delivery period, delivery route, the drag etc. In general, synthetic water-soluble polymers tend to be widely used for oral-controlled release dosage forms. Biodegradable polymers tend to be used for injectable, or implantable, drag delivery systems. 

Microorganisms Plant/animai cellular materials Retention of microbiological solids in activated sludge processing concn of viral/bacterial cell cultures separation of fermentation products from broth retention of cell debris in fruit juices, etc. retention of cellular matter in brewery/distillery wastes Polyphenol ics Synthetic water-soluble polymers Concn/purification of lignosulphonates Concn of PVA/CMC desize wastes... 

Reten 205 [Aqualon], TM for a strongly cationic, high molecular weight, synthetic, water-soluble polymer. A finely divided white powder, dissolves in either hot or cold water to produce clear, smooth, viscous, nonthixotropic solutions available in a variety of viscosity grades and cationic functionality. Reten 763 is an aqueous solution of a modified polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin. 

The increase in size of water consumption and decrease of water quality due to man s impact make the problem of water purification and treatment from different contaminants, such as suspended and colloidal disperse particles, more acute. The efficiency of dispersion precipitation can be greatly improved with the use of flocculants - high-molecular compounds that have the ability to adsorb themselves on disperse particles and form fast precipitating aggregates [1], Both natural and synthetical water soluble polymers can be used as flocculants. The most commonly used and the most active of these polymers are polyacrylamide (PAA) and some of its derivatives. 

The temperature sensitivity of the polysaccharides, which is partly a consequence of the ether linkage in the backbone of the polymer (38), has lead to the increasing use of synthetic water-soluble polymers for high temperature drilling fluids. The use of synthetic polymers for fluid loss control in high temperature applications has been particularly im-... 

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