Applications water-soluble polymers

For many biomaterial applications, water soluble polymers are required. Given the prevalence of PEG as a polymeric biomaterial... 

The polymers are of interest as water-soluble packaging films for a wide variety of domestic and industrial materials. (Additional advantages of the poly(ethylene oxide)s are that they remain dry to the feel at high humidities and may be heat sealed.) The materials are also of use in a number of solution application such as textile sizes and thickening agents. As a water-soluble film they are competitive with poly(vinyl alcohol) whereas in their solution applications they meet competition from many longer established natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers. 

APPLICATIONS AND USES OF COLUMNS FOR AQUEOUS SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS... 

This chapter describes the use of three commercially available SEC column types for the characterization of nonionic, anionic, and cationic, synthetic water-soluble polymers. These include TSK-PW, Synchropak, and CATSEC columns. Specific examples and experimental procedures are discussed for each type of column. Elowever, the major emphasis is on the use of TSK-PW columns due to their broad applicability for a variety of water-soluble polymers. 

The main application of acrylamide is the preparation of water-soluble polymers and copolymers. Smaller... 

Interest in the chemistry of water-soluble polymers (polyelectrolytes) has been continually increasing during the past 45 years. The tremendous scope of utility for water-soluble polymers has led to a vigorous search for new materials and the rapid development of polyelectrolytes into a dynamic field of industrial research. Growth in this field has been especially rapid since 1960 and today, many companies are engaged in synthesis and applications research on polyelectrolytes that are primarily used in four main marketing areas water treatment, paper, textiles, and oil recovery [1]. Polyacrylamide gel was also used as soil conditioner [2-4]. 

Cellulose acetate (CA) has been known, and industrially employed for decades as films, fibers, filters, membranes, tubes, and utensils, as well as other consumer products, including eyewear, fashion accessories, pens, brushes, toys, among others [13]. The market for Filter Tow, which is made from crimped, endless CA filaments, has seen a tremendous growth in the cigarette market, reaching more than 600 thousand metric tons in 2003 [14]. Additionally, cellulose mono-acetates have several potential applications, because they can be made into either water absorbent, or water-soluble polymers [15]. 

Water-soluble polymers can also be used as aqueous solutions for drug delivery. Although the polymer is already dissolved, its increase in viscosity of the drug solution causes the drug to be retained somewhat longer in the desired application. This technique is common with ocular, nasal, and oral applications of drug solutions. 

A first application using ferroceneboronic acid as mediator [45] was described for the transformation of p-hydroxy toluene to p-hydroxy benzaldehyde which is catalyzed by the enzyme p-cresolmethyl hydroxylase (PCMH) from Pseudomonas putida. This enzyme is a flavocytochrome containing two FAD and two cytochrome c prosthetic groups. To develop a continuous process using ultrafiltration membranes to retain the enzyme and the mediator, water soluble polymer-bound ferrocenes [50] such as compounds 3-7 have been applied as redox catalysts for the application in batch electrolyses (Fig. 12) or in combination with an electrochemical enzyme membrane reactor (Fig. 13) [46, 50] with excellent results. 

Water-soluble gums, 4 722-724, 13 64 applications of, 13 73-75 Water-soluble initiators, 14 719 Water-soluble polymers, in mobility control, 18 628... 

They are hydrophobic and resistant to hydrolysis because of their hydrophobic nature. This change to a hydrophobic nature is positive for applications requiring water stability, resistance and repellency and is typical of most water soluble polymers (such as poly(acrylic acid), polyethyleneimine and poly(vinyl alcohol)... 

Due to the fact that application of universal calibration is not always practical in aqueous SEC, a linear calibration method using a single polydisperse standard has a high degree of viability for characterization of water-soluble polymers. Although few water-soluble polymers with characterized MWD moments are commercially available, in many Instances an in-house polydisperse standard can be generated by measuring Mn and M, of one lot of polymer of the same chemical type as that under study. 

The conventional techniques for the purification of low-molecular-weight compounds, such as distillation, sublimation, and crystallization, are not applicable to polymers. In some cases, it is possible to remove the impurities by cold or hot extraction of the finely powdered polymer with suitable solvents or by steam distillation. Separation of low-molecular-weight components from water-soluble polymers [e.g., poly(acrylic acid),poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acryl amide)]... 

The alkaline solutions can remove water-soluble polymers in the spinning mix and inert products such as titanium dioxide. Basic treatments can also hydrolyze a certain amount of the polyester itself For some silk-like applications or for producing fine denier fabrics, this basic treatment can produce a 10—30% weight loss of polyester (190,196). Certain polyesters such as anionically modified polyester can undergo more rapid weight loss than regular polyester (189). 

The chemical intermediates adiponitrile and acrylamide have surpassed nitrile rubbers as end-use products of acrylonitrile in the United States and Japan. Adiponitrile is further converted to hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), which is used to manufacture nylon 6/6. Acrylamide is used to produce water-soluble polymers or copolymers used for paper manufacturing, waste treatment, mining applications and enhanced oil recovery (Langvardt, 1985 Brazdil, 1991). 

---