Biopolymers water-soluble polymers

TSK-GEL PW type columns are commonly used for the separation of synthetic water-soluble polymers because they exhibit a much larger separation range, better linearity of calibration curves, and much lower adsorption effects than TSK-GEL SW columns (10). While TSK-GEL SW columns are suitable for separating monodisperse biopolymers, such as proteins, TSK-GEL PW columns are recommended for separating polydisperse compounds, such as polysaccharides and synthetic polymers. 

High-performance size exclusion chromatography is used for the characterization of copolymers, as well as for biopolymers (3). The packings for analyses of water-soluble polymers mainly consist of 5- to 10-/Am particles derived from deactivated silica or hydrophilic polymeric supports. For the investigation of organosoluble polymers, cross-linked polystyrene beads are still the column packing of choice. 

Clark AH (1996) Properties of biopolymer gels. In Finch CA (ed) Industrial water soluble polymers. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p 106... 

Water soluble polymers behave like other solutes, i.e. radiation interacts with water principially and products of radiolysis react with the polymer. If the polymer is composed from different meres, what is the case with biopolymers, different segments of the polymer can have different rate constants of reaction with water derived radicals, c.f. the case of gelatin zols and gels [8], The radiation chemistry of polymers dissolved in water is the chemistry of reactions with OH, H, eaq, H2O2 and not, sensu stricto, of the polymer itself. Experiment shows clearly, that the radiation chemistry of the same polymer, but in the dry or almost dry state is completely different from radiation chemistry of its aqueous solution. Spurs are formed in the dry polymer and not in water. 

The primary factors governing mesophase formation for cellulose derivatives is not only chain stiffness, but also the type and degree of substitution, the molar mass of the polymer, as well as the solvent and the temperature [103]. Among the water-soluble cellulose biopolymers, HPC is still the most investigated derivative (it forms stable and easy to handle mesophases) and as such will... 

Polymers are mainly classified into two categories, natural and synthetic polymers (Table 30.1). Natural (water soluble) polymers are mostly obtained from natural sources. Naturally derived polymers with special focus on polysaccharides and proteins have become attractive in the biological applications of controlled release systems. Polysaccharides are a class of biopolymers constituted by either one or two alternating monosaccharides, which differ in their monosaccharide units in the length of a chain, in the types of the linking units, and in the degree of branching. ... 

One such method involves the use of water-soluble polymers such as polyacrylamide to increase the relative viscosity of sweep water to that of the crude oil so as to promote the mobility of the residual oil in the reservoir. Polyacrylamide, although relatively cheap, does not possess the useful properties of polysaccharides such as xanthan gums, scleroglucan, dextran, etc. The biopolymers are injected at a rate of 1.4 to 1.7 lb arrel of oil recovered. Excluding the polymer, the cost of the polymer/surfactant flood amounts to 30 nd 40 arrel, including capital charges. 

High performance composite materials can be obtained with a good level of dispersion, mainly when the hierarchical structure of cellulose and use of a water soluble polymer to form the matrix are considered. For most materials applications, the main biopolymers of interest are cellixlose and starch. The ease of adhesion that occurs in cellulose has contributed to its use in paper and other fiber-based composite materials. 

Water-soluble polymers Macromolecules exhibiting solubility in aqueous solutions. Water-soluble polymers can be divided into four categories, biopolymers, nonionic, ionic, and associative polymers. 

Considerable research has been conducted to identify water soluble polymers which can efficiently control the flow properties of displacement fluids for enhanced oil recovery.Two main types of polymeric viscosifiers have emerged from this research which rely mainly on ultra high molecular weight for thickening efficiency natural biopolymers such as Xanthan or Scleroglucain and synthetic acrylamide based polymers. Although these polymers possess many useful characteristics, the reservoir conditions in which they can provide adequate mobility control are limited. For example, the biopolymers provide excellent mechanical stability and salt tolerance, however, further improvement in high temperature stability would be desirable. 

This chapter is divided into four parts. In the first part, a description of experimental studies related to water-soluble polymers is given. In the second part, factors affecting the flow behavior of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide will be examined. In the third part, the flow behavior of biopolymers (xanthan) will be reviewed. In the last part, rheological properties of hydrophobically associating polymers will be discussed. 

Klein J. Shear, friction, and lubrication forces between polymer-bearing surfaces. Annu Rev Mater Sci 1996 26 581-612. Fuller WD, Verlander MS, Goodman M. DOPA-containing polypeptides. I. Improved synfiiesis of high-molecular-wei t poly(L-DOPA) and water-soluble copolypeptides. Biopolymers 1978,17 2939-2943. 

Water-soluble macromolecules represent a diverse class of polymers ranging from biopolymers that mediate life processes to synthetic polymers of immense commercial utility. In this article water-soluble polymers have been grouped into the categories biopolymers, nonionic, ionic, and associative, based on key structural features. Recently developed controlled poljunerization techniques imparting important technological features to water-soluble poljuners are also discussed. 

A large number of water-soluble polymers are derived from biological sources. Termed hiopolymers, this class includes polynucleotides (qv), polypeptides and polysaccharides (qv). Becanse these polymers perform special biological functions, they have specific microstmctin-es and are often perfectly monodisperse. In the following section the general stmctural features of major biopolymer types will be reviewed as related to water solubility. 

Although SWNTs have been dispersed utilizing water-soluble polymers and surfactants, these methods can be problematic because most of these materials are not being biocompatible. Accordingly, biopolymers represent an attractive material for nanotube dispersion for biological-related applications. 

A significant number of water-soluble polymers are derived 60m biological sources, biopolymers (2). Biopolymers are an abundant and diverse class of polymers that includes polysaccharides (3), polynucleotides (4), and proteins (5). Since these polymers perform unique biological functions, they have specific mio oshuctures and are often monodisperse. 

Water-soluble polymers possessing ionic groups along or pendent to the backbone are one of die most important classes of macromolecules, ranging from biopolymers such as polynucleotides to commercially important viscosifiers and polysoaps. These polymers are often classified into two groups polyelectrolytes with either anionic or cationic fimctionality and polyampholytes that possess both. 

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