Concrete Additive

Plasticizing and plasticizing/retardmg additives are evaluated in this standard on R D and specification level. On R D level performance requirements of additives are tested. These include time of setting, increase in slump, compressive strength, flexural strength. 

For lot uniformity and equivalence, infrared analysis is performed to confirm the presence and the type of plasticizing additives. Also, specific gravity, residues of liquid and non-liquid additives after drying are determined. 

Various other tests may be specified to characterize performance and curing characteristics of concrete mix. 

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Concrete additives Concrete and masonry Concrete mixes Concretes... 

Naphthalenesulfonic Acid—Formaldehyde Condensates. The sodium salts of the condensation products of naphthalenesulfonic acid with formaldehyde constitute an important class of compounds which are mainly used in the area of concrete additives (32,33), agricultural formulations, mbber formulations, and synthetic tanning agents. They are also used in photographic materials (34). Hampshire Chemical Co. and Henkel of America, Inc., are the largest suppHers of naphthalene sulfonate in concrete additives (superplasticizer) and reportedly hold 75—80% of this market. It was estimated that naphthalene sulfonate demand from U.S. producers would reach approximately... 

Oil field uses are primarily imidazolines for surfactant and corrosion inhibition (see Petroleum). Besides the lubrication market for metal salts, the miscellaneous market is comprised of free acids used ia concrete additives, motor oil lubricants, and asphalt-paving applications (47) (see Asphalt Lubrication AND lubricants). Naphthenic acid has also been studied ia ore flotation for recovery of rare-earth metals (48) (see Flotation Lanthanides). 

There are three main uses for naphthalene sulfonic acid derivatives (75—79) as naphthalenic tanning material alkyl naphthalene sulfonates for industrial appHcations as nondetergent wetting agents and as dye intermediates. Consumption of naphthalene sulfonates as surfactants accounts for a large portion of usage. Naphthalene sulfonate—formaldehyde condensates are also used as concrete additives to enhance flow properties. Demand for naphthalene sulfonates in surfactants and dispersent appHcations, particularly in concrete, was expected to increase into the twenty-first century. Consumption as of 1995 was 16 x 10 kg/yr. 

Concrete Additives. Poly(vinyl acetate) was first used in concrete in the 1940s as a thermoplastic polymer to strengthen the concrete matrix. 

Tannin-containing woods also darken with ammonia, a process which is usefully employed in darkening oak furniture by fuming . Ammonia stains can originate from animal glue, amino-type adhesives and concrete additive sources, particularly where damp conditions exist. 

The use of the lignin fraction is much more cumbersome currently the best-known chemical of a real commercial importance is vanillin, which is obtained by oxidation of the black liquor. Another example is a product called spray-dried lignosulfonate (as sodium salt) obtained from the older, acidic sulfite pulping process. It is sold as a commercial product primarily as a concrete additive for enhanced strength. Since the cement industry is one of the big contributors of carbon dioxide emissions (due to the production of calcium oxide from calcium carbonate), the use of this renewable, wood-derived product not only is fossil-carbon neutral in itself but also reduces carbon dioxide emission due to the diminished need for cement in large infrastructures made of concrete. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), 13 735 25 557 adhesives, 25 578-583 applications of, 10 514-517 chemical properties of, 25 565 colloidal suspensions, 7 275 commercial manufacture of, 25 606-608 as a concrete additive, 25 585-586 conversion to poly (vinyl alcohol), 25 608-610... 

Concrete may use plasticizers (e.g., sulphonated melamine and naphthalene formaldehyde condensates), air-entraining agents (aIkyI/aryl sulfonate surfactants), retarders (hydroxy carboxylic acids such as polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether) and surface washes (benzalkonium chloride) (RAIA 1997). Little has been published on air emissions from concrete additives, their leaching into surface waters appearing to be of greater environmental concern (Ruckstuhl, 2001). 

Chun, B.-W., Dair, B., Macuch, P.J., Wiebe, D., Porteneuve, C. and Jeknavorian, A. 2006. The Development of Cement and Concrete Additive Based on Xylonic Acid Derived via Bioconversion of Xylose.Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 131, 645-658. 

Concrete Additives. Melamine-formaldehyde resins can be sulphonated and then used in fresh concrete to create a plasticizing effect. The resin makes 1) concrete more flowable, thus improving concrete s workability and 2) allowing the water content to be reduced for faster drying times. The end result is an improved, stronger material that is structurally superior. 

Lignosulfonates (approximately 1 million tons/year) can be used directly from the so-called sulfite liquors (around 50% lignosulfonates) or further isolated. They exhibit many uses (e.g. as concrete additives and dispersion agents) [12]. 

Thermopave generally has a density 10-14% lower than conventional asphalt concrete. Additional laboratory studies and successful performance of test pavements have encouraged us to revise our initial conservative position published in 1971 (8) and to recommend Thermopave structural equivalency on par with asphalt concrete. Because of its higher... 

FRC using recycled carpet waste fibers has also been used in the construction project of a 11,000 m2 building. Conventional equipment and procedures were used in the construction. The project consumed about 20 tons of carpet waste as concrete additives. The waste fibers were directly added into concrete mixing trucks. The mixing, pouring and finishing went smoothly the compressive and flexural strengths exceeded specifications and improved ductility and shatter resistance of the material were evident. This project has demonstrated that low-cost carpet waste... 

CaClj calcium chloride 1.40 De-icing roads in winter, controlling dust in summer, concrete additive... 

MAJOR PRODUCT APPLICATIONS paints, coatings, rubber, abrasive polishes, cleaning waxes, seed coatings, anticaking agent, antiblock applications, pesticide formulations, asphalt extender, automotive windshields, catalyst support, concrete additive, dental molds, drilling mud, filter papers and pads, specialty p ers, paperboard, foundry, waste disposal aids, stucco, battery boxes, plastic film... 

Approximately, 1.6 billion tons of Portland cements are produced worldwide annually with an estimated 5% generation of the C02 emission. Global cement and concrete additives (fiber and chemical additives) demand is forecast to grow 6.3% annually through 2006, driven by construction and by higher standards for concrete that require more additives per ton [4],... 

World Cement and Concrete Additives to 2006, The Freedonia Group, Inc. Cleveland, OH, January 2003 http //www.freedoniagroup.com/. 

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