Dependency ratio

This latter compound, 36, and the isomeric 9-oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane, 37, were obtained as the sole products, in ca 13 87 ratio, by reaction of 3 with A-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in protic solvents (methanol, dioxane-water mixtures)72. It is noteworthy that similar ratios of the two disubstituted bicyclononane derivatives were obtained, independently of the solvent, also by using A-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as electrophile, whereas a strongly solvent-dependent ratio was observed when A-iodosuccinimide (NIS) was used. Since these reactions should proceed through hydroxy- or alkoxyhalogenation of one of the double bonds, followed by transannular attack of the oxygen function on the cationic center which is formed on the other side of the ring by the reaction of another electrophile with the second double bond, the isomer ratio has been rationalized in terms of a different nature of the intermediates. 

As part of an extensive study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones, Ali et al. (392-397) found that the reaction of the 1,4-oxazine 349 with various dipolarophiles afforded the expected isoxazolidinyloxazine adducts (Scheme 1.78) (398). In line with earlier results (399,400), oxidation of styrene-derived adduct 350 with m-CPBA facilitated N—O cleavage and further oxidation as above to afford a mixture of three compounds, an inseparable mixture of ketonitrone 351 and bicyclic hydroxylamine 352, along with aldonitrone 353 with a solvent-dependent ratio (401). These workers have prepared the analogous nitrones based on the 1,3-oxazine ring by oxidative cleavage of isoxazolidines to afford the hydroxylamine followed by a second oxidation with benzoquinone or Hg(ll) oxide (402-404). These dipoles, along with a more recently reported pyrazine nitrone (405), were aU used in successful cycloaddition reactions with alkenes. Elsewhere, the synthesis and cycloaddition reactions of related pyrazine-3-one nitrone 354 (406,407) or a benzoxazine-3-one dipolarophile 355 (408) have been reported. These workers have also reported the use of isoxazoles with an exocychc alkene in the preparation of spiro[isoxazolidine-5,4 -isoxazolines] (409). 

Finally, the circuit is solved. It can be done in two ways. Either a corresponding physical circuit is actually built from these electrical components and its transfer function (H) is measured, or the transfer functions of the individual elements and of the entire circuit are represented by explicit mathematical equations and the transfer function is calculated. There are always certain eigenvalues in these solutions that aid in the assignment of physical meaning to the calculated parameters. The transfer function is defined as the frequency-dependent ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. It is a complex variable for an AC excitation signal. 

Many ortho photocycloadducts are thermally and photochemically labile compounds. When a mixture of isomeric adducts is formed from a particular combination of arene and alkene, its composition is often time dependent. Ratios of... 

The same authors used photoDSC to obtain time- or conversion-dependent ratios of the termination and propagation rate coefficients 2kt/kp for the polymerization of VA. The starting point of this approach is the classical equation derived from formal kinetics ... 

Temperature-dependent ratio oLl c-7-of the longitudinal (needle-axis) versus transverse electrical conductivity of TTF TCNQ [22],... 

Stress relaxation is the time-dependent change in stress after an instantaneous and constant deformation and constant temperature. As the shape of the specimen does not change during stress relaxation, this is a pure relaxation phenomenon in the sense defined at the beginning of this section. It is common use to call the time dependent ratio of tensile stress to strain the relaxation modulus, E, and to present the results of the experiments in the form of E as a function of time. This quantity should be distinguished, however, from the tensile modulus E as determined in elastic deformations, because stress relaxation does not occur upon deformation of an ideal rubber. 

Solvents can also act as a kind of template and increase the selectivity in reactions leading to more than one product. A more recent example is the synthesis of so-called glycolurils by acylation of cyclic hydrazines (tetrahydro-l,2-diazines) with active tetra-carboxyhc esters, leading to three diastereomeric C-, S-, and IF-shaped products in a solvent-dependent ratio [307]. The C-shaped isomer is self-complementary in hydrogen-... 

Median lethal dose is weight dependent Ratio of survivors to total test animats... 

In parallel with the HEM experiments, studies using a model porous membrane (Nuclepore ) system, with urea and mannitol as the permeants, were conducted. These studies showed that for these permeants, under experimental conditions identical to those of the HEM studies, the measured temperature dependence of permeation was in line with measured activation energies of bulk diffusion (Longsworth, 1953). The measured temperature-dependent ratios P glP2T) were 1.34 0.03 and 1.38 0.02 N = 4, ave. s.d.) for urea and mannitol, respectively (Peck et al., 1995). These ratios were viewed as a reference point to which the permeation temperature-dependence ratios determined for HEM could be compared. 

Figure 2 Permeation temperature-dependent ratios for urea ( ), mannitol ( ), TEA (O) and corticosterone (+). Each point represents the average of data collected from an individual HEM sample. [Reprinted with permission from Peck et al. (1995). Copyright 1995 by American Chemical Society.]...

Making measurements over the temperature range 438-623 °K the following temperature-dependent ratios were obtained... 

Pu/ Pu (up to 0.6 atom ratio depending ratios. Moreover, presence of other " Cm) is also characteristic for reactor origin. 

The NO-binding Nitrophorin 1 (NP1), from the saliva of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus, contains two diamagnetic FeNO 6 ferrihemes, with i/NO at 1,904 cm-1 and 1,917 cm-1. They exist in a pH-dependent ratio and bind NO reversibly without being reduced. Alternative electronic distribution assignments as FemNO or FenNO+ rely on IR, EPR, NMR, FTIR, and... 

Specific Gravity A dimensionless, temperature dependent ratio of the density of one substance with that of a reference substance. For solids and liquids the reference substance is water at 39°F (4°C). For gases and vapors, the reference substance is dry air at 60°F (15.6°C). 

Answer Let the temperature-dependent ratio of effective intrapellet dif-fusivities eA( ) be a simple power function of dimensionless temperature 0. Hence, a(0) = 0 "- Now, integrate the thermal energy balance given by equations (27-27) and (27-35) that results from coupled heat and mass transfer in porous catalytic pellets ... 

Most of the symbols in (5-26) are the same as those in expression (5-22) for the dissociation rate coefficient in a one-temperature approximation. Additionally, d = Aty/XasUl is a vibrational quantum number corresponding to the transition to quasi continuum along the asymmetric mode (5-24) f E) is the vibrational energy-dependent ratio of rate coefficients of VT and W relaxation (see Fig. 5-12) y = is the logarithmic sensitivity of the VTAA relaxation ratio to vibrational energy accumulated on the asymmetric mode (see Fig. 5-12) and Xm is the effective CO2 oscillation anharmonicity in quasi continuum (for... 

Gastric or stomach cancer is the second most frequent death cause of cancer, after limg cancer, around the world. Almost two-thirds of cases occur in Eastern Europe, South America, and Asia with 42% in China alone. In the United States, in 2009, an estimated 21,130 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed and were associated with 10,620 deaths (Jemal et ah, 2009), and it is one of the most common cancers in Europe ranking fifth after lung, prostate, colorectal, and bladder cancers in men and breast, colorectal, lung, and cancer of the corpus uteri in women. Sex-dependent ratio is (the male-to-female ratio in incidence rates) about 1.6 1 (Boyle and Ferlay, 2005). 

Aproximately, 20% of all food-crop production and about 15% of seed crops require the help of pollinators for fuU pollination (Mein et al., 2007), but Kevan Phillips (2001) reported that aproximately 73% of cultivated vegetals in the world would be pollinated by some bee species. GaUai et al. (2009) reported a bioeconomic approach, which integrated the production dependence ratio on pollinators, for the 100 crops used directly for human food worldwide as listed by FAO. The total economic value of pollination worldwide amounted to 153 billion, which represented 9.5% of the value of the world agricultural production used for human food in 2005. The honeybee is the most common insect used as agricultural pollinator in many parts of the world like Europe and United States. 

In a seminal communication, Chiusoh et al. reported an example of an intercepted Mizoroki-Heck reaction for the first time [86]. A palladiumreducing agent, ammonium formate, produced a mixture of 146 and 147 in a reaction temperature-dependent ratio (Scheme 7.34). The minor product 147 was formed by standard intermolecular Mizoroki-Heck alkenylation and subsequent reductive cleavage of the intermediate C(sp )—Pd" bond formation of the major product 146 involved an additional intramolecular alkene insertion prior to the reduction step. 

Dependency ratio. The ratio of non-income-earning (or dependent) to income-earning members in the household. 

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