Waste incinerator

Sources of human exposure to formaldehyde are engine exhaust, tobacco smoke, natural gas, fossil fuels, waste incineration, and oil refineries (129). It is found as a natural component in fmits, vegetables, meats, and fish and is a normal body metaboHte (130,131). FaciUties that manufacture or consume formaldehyde must control workers exposure in accordance with the following workplace exposure limits in ppm action level, 0.5 TWA, 0.75 STEL, 2 (132). In other environments such as residences, offices, and schools, levels may reach 0.1 ppm HCHO due to use of particle board and urea—formaldehyde foam insulation in constmction. 

A. M. Ujihara and M. Gough, ManagingMsh From Municipal Waste Incinerators, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

R. G. Barton, W. O. Clark, W. S. Lanier, and W. R. Seeker, "Dioxin Emissions During Waste Incineration," presented at Spring Meeting Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1988. 

Hydrogen chloride in the lungs can cause pulmonary edema, a life threatening condition. In order for HCl in air to reach the lungs, it must be transported either as an aerosol or as a deposit on soot particles of less than 3 p.m in diameter. A procedure for the removal of 99% of the HCl from municipal waste incinerators has been developed (87). Lime is employed as a dry adsorbent which is collected in a filter bag system. 

Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Incinerators. 

Pollutant Emissions from Liquid Waste Incinerators. 

Hazardous Waste Incineration—H Resource Document, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1988, p. ix. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Incineration Questions andMnswers, EPA/530-SW-88-018, Washington, D.C., Apr. 1988, p. 1. 

J. P. Reynolds, R. R. Dupont, and L. Theodore, Hazardous Waste Incineration Calculations Problems and Software, ]ohn Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. 

W. D. Owens, Ha ardous Waste Incineration in a Potary Kiln, Ph.D. dissertation. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1991. 

R. S. Magee, Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration A Eiterature Study, Hazardous Substance Management Research Center, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Mar. 1989. 

P. Lightowlers and J. N. Cape, "Does PVC Waste Incineration Contdbute to Acid Rain " Chem. Ind. (June 1987). 

Engineering Handbook For Ha ardous Waste Incineration, United States Environmental Protection Agency 68-03-3025, Washiagton, D.C., 1981, pp. 3-8. 

Optimized modern dry scrubbing systems for incinerator gas cleaning are much more effective (and expensive) than their counterparts used so far for utility boiler flue gas cleaning. Brinckman and Maresca [ASME Med. Waste Symp. (1992)] describe the use of dry hydrated lime or sodium bicarbonate injection followed by membrane filtration as preferred treatment technology for control of acid gas and particulate matter emissions from modular medical waste incinerators, which have especially high dioxin emissions. 

BAT Best available technology MWI Medical waste incinerators... 

Theodore, L. and J. R. Reynolds, Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1989. 

Vataviik, W. M., and R. B. Neveril, Factors for Estimating Capital and Operating Costs, Chemical Engineering, November 3, 1980, pp. 157-162. Vogel, G. A. andE. J. Martin, Hazardous Waste Incineration, Chemical Engineering, September 5, 1983, pp. 143-146 (part 1). 

Vogel, G. A. andE. J. Martin, Hazardous Waste Incineration, Chemical Engineering, October 17, 1983, pp. 75-78 (part 2). 

Multiple Metals Testing The samphng method commonly used to measure emissions of metals from stationaiy sources is contained in 40 CFR 266, Appendix IX. The procedure is titled Methodology for the Determination of Metals Emissions in Exhaust Gases from Hazardous Waste Incineration and Similar Combustion Processes. It is also currently pubhshed as Draft EPA Method 29 for inclusion in 40 CFR 60. 

Concentration of WTE Incinerators The total number of municipal waste incinerator facihties as hsted in the Solid Waste Digest, vol. 4, no. 9 September 1994 (a publication of Chartwell Information Publishers of Alexandria, VA) is 62. See Table 25-69, which covers over 200 existing units. The wastes burned in these facilities totals 8.44 percent of total municipal wastes managed in landfills, incinerators, and transfer stations. This amounts to 88,470 tons per day combusted municipal waste. 

Section 129 of the CAAA of 1990 applies to a range of solid waste incinerators including MWCs, medical waste incinerators (MWls)... 

EPA must issue New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for any solid waste incineration unit not covered by another deadline lor issuance of such standards. 

EPA must issue NSPS for solid waste incineration units combusting industrial or commercial waste. (See May 15, 1992 action.)... 

List five categories (such as hazardous waste incineration) that may be considered as major" or "area sources of hazardous air pollutants,... 

Table 10.2 Selected emission limits for municipal waste incineration (units mg/m ) ...

Irregular Plant maloperation (e.g. unauthorized venting ) Plant failure - spillages, pipe joint failures Start-up/shutdown Dismantling/demolition Unauthorized waste incineration (rubbish burning) Fires ... 

Local autliority control of au pollution covers a second tier of less-polluting processes. Incinerators for waste chemicals, or waste plastic arising from their manufacture, and other waste incinerators dependent upon size are, however, subject to both the BATNEEC and BPEO requirements under the IPC regime. 

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