Incineration of hazardous wast

Thermal treatment is used to destroy, break down, or aid in the desorption of contaminants in gases, vapors, Hquids, sludges, and soHds. There are a variety of thermal processes that destroy contaminants, most of which are classified as incineration. Incineration HteraHy means to become ash (from Medieval Latin, incinerare in or into ashes). With respect to the incineration of hazardous wastes regulated in the United States, however, there is a strict legal definition of what constitutes an incinerator. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) definition of incinerator at 40 CFR 260.10 is... 

COM(97j604 Proposal to amend 94/67/EC on incineration of hazardous waste... 

OppeltET. 1987. Incineration of hazardous waste. A critical review. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 37 558-586. 

Seeker, W.R. and Koshland, C.P., Eds, Incineration of Hazardous Waste 2 Toxic Combustion By-products, Gordon and Breach Science publishers, Yverdon, Switzerland, 1994. 

Europa, Incineration of Hazardous Waste, Activities of the European Union, Summaries of Legislation, 2009. Available at http //europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/121200.htm. 

Incineration of hazardous wastes in an acceptable manner requires a rather sophisticated facility in terms of the actual incinerator, its associated control systems, and the pollution control devices. Existing industrial production facilities as well as dedicated hazardous waste incinerators have been investigated for potential application. 

Over the past 15 years, significant effort has been expended in evaluating pesticide incineration. Some of the earliest work on industrial waste incineration was performed on pesticides, and this work became part of the basis for the current regulations for the incineration of hazardous wastes. 

Roy F. Weston, Inc., owns and operates two TISs the TIS-5, capable of treating 7 tons per hour (tph) of waste, and the TIS-20, designed to treat up to 30 tph. Both employ a two-stage combustion process for incineration of hazardous waste. Transportable incineration is generally cost-effective for sites containing more than 1000 tons of contaminated media. 

OppeltET. 1991. Air emissions from the incineration of hazardous waste. In Mehlman MA, ed. Advances in modem environmental toxicology. Vol XIX. Health hazards and risks from exposure to complex mixtures and air toxic chemicals. Princeton, NJ Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc.,... 

J. J. Helble, Analysis of Dioxin Emissions from the Incineration of Hazardous Waste, US... 

J. D. Kilgroe, L. P. Nelson, PO. J. Schindler and W. S. Lanier, in Incineration of Hazardous Waste-Toxic Combustion By-Products, ed. W. R. Seeker and C. P. Koshland, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, 1992. 

There exist significant environmental research opportunities for chemical engineers, for example, in incineration of hazardous wastes, environmental behavior of toxic substances, synthesis and design of nonpolluting plants, regional and global air pollution, and water chemistry. 

Ringel, H. and Herbermann, M., Experiments on the incineration of hazardous waste with pure oxygen, paper presented at the 1991 Incineration Conference, Knoxville, TN, May, 1991. 

Additionally, some production processes are subjected to separate directives as to the directives on waste incineration (2000/ 76/EG) and on incineration of hazardous waste (94/67/EC). 

Council Directive 94/67/EC (1994) on the incineration of hazardous waste. Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 365, 31.12.1994. 

Council directive 94/67ICE on the Incineration of Hazardous Wastes, Off. J. 

There are two types of incinerators used predominantly for incineration of hazardous waste. The first type is the rotary kiln, which operates at temperatures of approximately 2300 "F. More hazardous wastes are burned in this type of kiln than any other and it is the one for which most tests on destruction efficiencies have been done. A second type is the cement kiln, which is now being used more often. The temperature of the cement kiln reaches 3000 "F. The hazardous waste is blended with the fuel and used in the making of cement. By modifying the fuel blend, it is possible to obtain efficient destruction, even for chlorinated solvents. 

FIGURE 3 Rotary kiln/SCC incinerator system. [From Dempsey, C., and Oppelt, T. (1993). Incineration of hazardous waste A critical review. Air Waste 43(January), 35.]... 

MCUs were developed for the destruction of trash, but they are applicable to other solid waste destruction, and their SCC can be used for destruction of gaseous or liquid waste in suspension. Units have been installed ard permitted for incineration of hazardous waste as well as codisposal of treatment-plant sludge with general solid waste. 

Council Directive 94/67/EC is aimed at providing measures and procedures to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce as fast as possible negative effects on the environment, in particular the pollution of air, soil, surface and groundwater, and the resulting risks to human health, from the incineration of hazardous waste and, to that end, to set up and maintain appropriate operating conditions and emission limit values for hazardous waste incineration plants within the Community. This Directive applies without prejudice to other relevant Community Legislation, in particular relating to waste and the protection of the health and safety of workers at incineration plants. ... 

The results indicated also that the emission of metals and chlorides from a cement kiln do not increase during incineration of hazardous waste. The destruction efficiency of PCB in the kiln was at least 99.99997%. These investigations showed that the emission of particles, PAH and other cyclic organic hydrocarbons are more influenced by the operation conditions than by the fuel burned. 

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