Measles mumps and rubella

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR). The second dose of MMR is recommended routinely at age 4-6 years but may be administered during any visit, provided at least 4 weeks have elapsed since the first dose and that both doses are administered beginning at or after age 12 months. Those who have not previously received the second dose should complete the schedule by the 11-12-year-old visit. 

In recent years concerns have been raised in the popular press about possible side effects from the MMR vaccine, which is given to infants to guard against measles, mumps and rubella. Although this has led to a drop in the levels of vaccination, the advice from health professionals continues to be in favour of vaccination, because even if the claimed side effects were shown to be true, failure to vaccinate would still statistically pose the greater health risk due to the detrimental effects of the diseases themselves. 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 15.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only eombined viral vaeeine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense, however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (PoWac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) poliovaccine (PolWac (oral)) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of vims of each of the three serotypes of poliovims. Influenza vaeeines, too, are eombined vaccines in that many contain components fiom as many as three vims strains, usually fiom two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

Notes Measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are generally administered in the form of a combined measles/mumps/rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine). 

Measles, mumps and rubella (German measles) are infectious diseases, with respiratory routes of transmission and infection, caused by members of the paramyxovirus group. Each virus is immunologically distinct and has only one serotype. Whilst the primary multiplication sites of these viruses is within the respiratory tract, the diseases are associated with viral multiplication elsewhere in the host. 

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines are available as single component vaccines or as combinations. Most authorities recommend use of the measles, mumps, and rubella combination vaccine and discourage use of the single- or double-component vaccines. Two doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine are recommended for all individuals born after 1957. The first dose should be administered soon after the first birthday and the second prior to entering school. For high-risk adolescents and adults who do not have adequate immunity, two doses of the vaccine should be separated by a minimum of 28 days.8... 

Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is a live virus vaccine that should be used with caution in immunosuppressed children, such as those with cancer receiving chemotherapy, solid organ or bone marrow transplantation, or receiving other immunosuppressive drugs, such as steroids in a dose... 

Varicella vaccine should be administered after 12 months of age and a second dose at 4 years of age. Adolescents and adults without evidence of immunity to varicella zoster should receive two doses of varicella vaccine given 4 to 8 weeks apart. Varicella vaccine is available as a single-component vaccine or in combination with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. 

Measles, mumps, and rubella in any Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock 7 days... 

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the patient will need virtually all routine vaccines to be administered again however, the patient will not be able to mount an adequate response for 6 to 12 months post-transplant. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and inactivated poliovirus should be given at 12,14, and 24 months post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly, starting 6 months after transplant. Measles, mumps and rubella can be given 2 years after transplant and varicella vaccine is contraindicated.16... 

Most health care workers are at risk for exposure to many diseases in the normal course of their work. Additionally, health care workers may transmit vaccine-preventable diseases to their patients. At the time of employment and on a regular basis, health care workers should be screened for immunity to measles, rubella, and varicella if found to be non-immune, the measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella vaccines should be administered. The hepatitis B series should be given if not already completed. Tetanus should be updated and given every 10 years. Health care personnel in hospitals and ambulatory settings with direct patient contact should receive Tdap if not already received an interval as short as 2 years from the last tetanus-containing vaccine should be used. Priority for receiving Tdap should be given to personnel with direct contact with infants less than 12 months of age. 

Table 13.6 Some traditional vaccine preparations that find medical application. In addition to being marketed individually, a number of such products are also marketed as combination vaccines. Examples include diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines and measles, mumps and rubella vaccines...

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 13.6). Mumps vaccines consist of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used routinely to vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. 

Measles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that is administered for primary immunization to persons 12 to 15 months of age or older, usually as a combination of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). A second dose is recommended at 4 to 6 years of age. 

Test method Rubella virus Mumps virus Rubella and mumps virus Measles, mumps and rubella virus... 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus 10,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Mumps virus and 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Rubella virus. The first dose (half mL SC) of this vaccine is recommended at the age of 12 to 15 months. What is the dose strength for the Measles virus ... 

Each mL of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) virus vaccine contains not less than 2,000 TCID50 of the US Reference Measles virus ... 

Common childhood vaccines include the three-in-one measles, mumps and rubella and the diphtheria vaccine. Infectious mononucleosis, also knov/n as glandular fever, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and no vaccine is available. 

A trivalent vaccine containing the live attenuated viruses for measles, mumps and rubella was first introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by Merck and Co Inc. Since that time, other triple vaccines have been developed using various different viral strains and many coim-tiies have licensed them either as the sole vaccine... 

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 10.11). Mumps vaccine consists of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used to routinely vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain of the mumps vaccine, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97%. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1, 2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Live attenuated virus vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) have been combined into a single vaccine known as MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine is effective as the single-virus vaccine composed of the respective strains and has been shown to be highly effective. The immunity induced by MMR is long lasting and may be lifelong. 

It is indicated for joint prevention of measles, mumps and rubella, normally, given from the age of 12 months, in infants of both sexes. 

In the 15 years since these criteria were promulgated by declaration, it will be evident that most vaccines are still administered parenterally with the exception of polio and typhoid vaccines. In many ways this can be attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of vaccine antigens themselves, which are large molecules susceptible to proteolytic degradation, denaturation, and rapid clearance from plasma. Some combination vaccines are available which reduce the number of injections. However, the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) combination vaccine has gained an unsafe image in the popular press, mainly due to a reputed link with autism in some children that as yet remains unproven scientifically. In some quarters the autism was associated with the use of thiomersalate as a mercurial preservative in multidose injections but, again, this supposition remains unproven. 

The controversy has reappeared with the introduction of a five component children s vaccine containing diphtheria, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella although this should be much more convenient and contains a killed polio instead of an attenuated virus which is known to occasionally revert to the active form, albeit in single numbers per million injections. In this case the children s vaccine should be safer and more convenient. 

Measles, Mumps, Rubella, live, attenuated vaccines are used for simultaneous or separate immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella in children from around 15 months of age to puberty. Two doses, one at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 or 11-12 years arc recommended in the U.S. 

Varicella. The varicella (chicken pox) vaccine was approved in April 1995 for immunization of children. A single dose at one year of age is recommended. In the future if may be combined with measles, mumps, and rubella. 

Kelso, J. M., Jones, R. T., and Yunginger, J. W. 1993. Anaphylaxis to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine mediated by IgE to gelatin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 91(4) 867-872. 

New cell culture techniques developed in the 1940s led to the isolation of many viruses in virulent and attenuated forms. This helped directly in the production in the 1960s of vaccines for poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and rubella. 

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