Vaccination preparations

Under no circumstances should living cultures of microorganisms, whether they be for vaccine preparation (Chapter 16) or for use in monitoring sterilization processes (Chapter 23), be taken into aseptic areas. As already pointed out, separate premises are needed for the aseptic filling of live or of attenuated vaccines. 

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) A vaccine prepared from a living attenuated strain of tubercle bacilli and used to vaccinate human beings against tuberculosis or treat some types of cancer. 

Whereas molecular design is a strategy applicable to the chemical level of epitope-paratope interactions, it cannot be used for optimizing the many cellular interactions required for achieving an immune response that leads to infectivity neutralization of a pathogen. As a result, the future development of vaccines will continue to rely more on the empirical testing of the protection afforded by candidate vaccine preparations than on the rational design of biomolecules defined in a reductionist manner by their chemical structure. 

Recombivax, Comvax, Engerix B, Tritanrix-HB, Infanrmix, Twinrix, Primavax, Hexavax All vaccine preparations containing rHBsAg as one component Vaccination 13... 

Polyclonal antibody preparations have been used to induce passive immunity against a range of foreign (harmful) agents, and vaccines are used efficiently, and safely, to promote active immunization. Adjuvants are usually co-administered with the vaccine preparation, in order to enhance the immune response against the vaccine. 

Table 13.6 Some traditional vaccine preparations that find medical application. In addition to being marketed individually, a number of such products are also marketed as combination vaccines. Examples include diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines and measles, mumps and rubella vaccines...

Many of the more prominent vaccine preparations in current medical use consist of attenuated viral particles (Table 13.6). Mumps vaccines consist of live attenuated strains of Paramyxovirus parotitidis. In many world regions, it is used routinely to vaccinate children, often a part of a combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. 

Several attenuated strains have been developed for use in vaccine preparations. The most commonly used is the Jeryl Linn strain, which is propagated in chick embryo cell culture. This vaccine has been administered to well over 50 million people worldwide and, typically, results in seroconversion rates of over 97 per cent. The Sabin (oral poliomyelitis) vaccine consists of an aqueous suspension of poliomyelitis virus, usually grown in cultures of monkey kidney tissue. It contains approximately 1 million particles of poliomyelitis strains 1,2 or 3 or a combination of all three strains. 

Hepatitis A vaccine exemplifies vaccine preparations containing inactivated viral particles. It consists of a formaldehyde-inactivated preparation of the HM 175 strain of hepatitis A virus. Viral particles are normally propagated initially in human fibroblasts. 

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccines are two commonly used toxoid-based vaccine preparations. The initial stages of diphtheria vaccine production entail the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 

Table 13.8 Some vaccine preparations that consist not of intact attenuated/ inactivated pathogen, but of surface antigens derived from such pathogens...

A vaccine preparation now available allows an individual to develop antibodies to the five most common C. botulinum types (A, B, C, D, and E). Studies have shown that the vaccine regimen produces protective antitoxin levels in greater than 90% of those vaccinated.3... 

Table 10.12. Methods usually employed to inactivate bacteria or viruses subsequently used as dead/inactivated vaccine preparations...

Toxoids, antigen-based and other vaccine preparations... 

Diphtheria and tetanus vaeeine are two eommonly used toxoid-based vaccine preparations. The initial stages of diphtheria vaccine production entails the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The toxoid is then prepared by treating the active toxin produced with formaldehyde. The product is normally sold as a sterile aqueous preparation. Tetanus vaccine production follows a similar approach Clostridium tetani is cultured in appropriate media, the toxin is recovered and inactivated by formaldehyde treatment. Again, it is usually marketed as a sterile aqueous-based product. 

All of the vaccine preparations discussed thus far are bacterial or viral-based. Typhus vaccine, on the other hand, targets a parasitic disease. Typhus (spotted fever) refers to a group of infections caused by Rickettsia (small, non-motile parasites). The disease is characterized by severe rash and headache, high fever and delirium. The most common form is that of epidemic typhus ( classical or louse-borne typhus). This is associated particularly with crowded, unsanitary conditions. 

Table 10.22. Some vaccine preparations in which Freund s incomplete adjuvant (FIA) was used as an adjuvant...

Allen JR, Harris CR, Danishefsky SJ. Pursuit of optimal carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines preparation of a multiantigenic unimolecular glycopeptide containing the Tn, MBrl, and Lewisy antigens. J Am Chem Soc 2001 123 1890-1897. 

All adverse influences of the vaccine preparation on development are assessed in a single experiment. 

Van der Lubben, I.M., et al. 2001. Chitosan microparticles for oral vaccination preparation, characterization and preliminary in vivo uptake studies in murine Peyer s patches. Biomaterials 22 687. 

For viral vaccine preparation or downstream processing, the cells and supernatant of infected cultures should go through concentration and purifying processes. These are important steps because there could be a... 

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