Video analysis system

Juszczak, G. R., Sliwa, A. T., Wolak, P., Tymosiak-Zielinska, A., Lisowski, P., et al. (2006) The usage of video analysis system for detection of immobility in the tail suspension test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 85, 332-338. 

Many laboratories are equipped with commercial video frame grabbers and video image analysis systems, the operation of which is nicely explained by Russ (5). Many of the concepts involved apply both to video analysis and to the analysis of matrices obtained with a mechanical scanning stage driven by a stepper motor. Video scanning is very rapid, but slow mechanical scanning can be very precise and accurate. 

Recently, an automatic color video image analysis system was developed to quantify antigen expression (androgen receptor) (Kim et al.,T999a). This system provides a linear relationship between the antigen content and mean optical density of the immunoperoxidase-substrate reaction product. Titration of antibody, concentration, and reaction duration of the substrate can be optimized with this system. The imaging hardware consists of a Zeiss microscope, a three-chip charge-coupled-device camera, a camera control board, and a Pentium-based personal computer. 

Fig. 1. The chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in response to bFGF (50 ng/mL), VEGF (50ng/mL), and the chemokines IL-8 (50 nM) and RANTES (100 nM). The assay was carried out using filters with a pore size of 8 pM, and the migration assay was carried out for 6 h. The results are given as area of the digitized image of the migrated cells (pixels), using a Sony video camera and a Kontron Vidas image analysis system.

Another time-consuming aspect of the paradigm described above is the off-line visual analysis of the video recordings, conducted after test completion. Considerable economies can be realized by use of commercially available automatic video image analysis systems. Once correctly validated, these... 

Tracor Northern manufacture complete x-ray microanalysis systems with video image collection and storage. The TN-8500 Image Analysis System features dedicated imaging hardware and software combined in an integrated system for advanced applications from the simplest particle size analysis to the most complex imaging applications such as fast Fourier transformation and 3-D reconstruction. 

Blandin et. al. [149] measured agglomeration in a crystallizer using a video camera focused on a thick black screen inside the crystallizer and connected to an image analysis system. This system films and measures particles circulating between the screen and the transparent crystallizer wall. 

Canty Vision is an in-line system that uses lighted video images and a microprocessor-based image analysis system to visually verify particle size, length, width and distribution. The microprocessor can monitor up to eight applications, under process conditions, with a lower limit of 1 pm. 

In situ transformations in organic samples can be observed in real time in the DAC by using a microscope equipped with a CCD video monitoring system and luminescence spectrometer. A high-pressure mercury lamp is used to excite fluorescence in the sample. The emitted light from the sample is split with one part used for visual observation and the other part for analysis made possible by use of a grating spectrometer and a photomultiplier detector [22]. 

Flares are often tested with noncombustible gases such as air to study flow patterns. One example is the use of smoke generators in an air-assisted flare. Another uses handheld Pitot probes (see Chapter 4) to measure velocities. For the enclosed ground flare, a video camera is used to visually observe the combustion process. A gas analysis system can be used to measure the exhaust emissions. 

The feasibility of employing fluorescent tracers and video imaging analysis to quantify dermal exposure to pesticide applicators has been demonstrated under realistic field conditions. Six workers loaded a tracer with the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon, into air blast sprayers, and conducted normal dormant spraying in pear orchards. They were examined prior to and immediately after the application. UV-A illumination produced fluorescence on the skin surface, and the pattern of exposure was digitized with a video imaging system. Quantifiable levels of tracer were detected beneath cotton coveralls on five workers. The distribution of exposure over the body surface varied widely due to differences in protective clothing use, work practices and environmental conditions. This assessment method produced exposure values at variance with those calculated by the traditional patch technique. 

The environment in which the sport is taking place can also pose some constraints for example, the development of sensors for wet sports, impact sports or sports taking place in extreme temperature requires additional consideration for the system s robustness and stability. Further, local temperature, humidity and pH levels also change during physical exercise and can affect some sensors. For example, Cochrane et al. (2007) demonstrated how the electrical performance of their sensor material, a thermoplastic elastomer composite, was affected by high humidity. After 50% relative humidity, resistance increases rapidly with humidity. They attributed it to the carbon black nanoparticles of the composite, which are sensitive to water. At high humidity, temperature also had a small effect on resistance. Munro et al. (2008) also found that while their strain sensors were able to provide valid and reliable data compared to a video-based motion analysis system, the consistency of the feedback was affected by enviromnental conditions. 

The experiment began when the spoke barriers from the tube ends were removed and re-inserted in the middle of the tube, enabling the animals to approach but not injure one another during the interaction. As soon as the animals entered the tube from their home cages, a 15 minute encounter was recorded with a JVC camera. The recordings were later analyzed on a Sony video recording system (for complete description of behavioral analysis see Shanas Terkel, 1997). 

In this observation, we recorded motions and sounds by video, and system logs as basic data for the analysis. From these we reconstructed the controllers actions and protocol logs, and analyzed the controllers tasks in each situation. The system has functions to record multiple types of time-series data such as video, audio and operation logs. This study covered 6 hours over 3 days. 

A. W. Kushniruk and V. L. Patel, "Cognitive computer-based video analysis Its application in assessing the usability of medical systems," MEDINFO, 8 1566-1569,1994. 

The contact angles of water, hexadecane, and methylene iodide (droplet volume of 2 pL) were recorded with a drop shape analysis system (DSAIO Mk2, KRUSS Inc., Hamburg, Germany) equipped with a video camera. XPS measurements were carried out on an XPS-APEX (ULVAC-PHI Inc., Chigasaki, Japan) using a monochromatic Al-X x-ray source at a takeoff angle of 45°. 

VIEEW (Video Image Enhanced Evaluation of Weathering) is a digital macro scale image analysis system allowing objective, visual evaluations for applications such as automotive clearcoat analysis, texture analysis, delamination, chalking, and defect analysis [243]. VIEEW allows visualisation of chromatic and geometric information, optically defines surface defects, eliminates human subjectivity, and supplies reproducible quantitative data. In... 

Video surveillance systems for many years are used to enhance the safety of citizens and the protected objects. With video surveillance we meet both in public and national utility facilities, in places publicly available and in the areas with limited access. Monitoring systems are a combination of video recording (sensors), transmitting, storing and reproducing devices in one integral unit. They enable the observation of people or objects in real time as well as the event recording for later analysis. 

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