Pear orchards

A pear orchard in Medford, in the southern part of the state, received DDT treatments each year between 1947 and 1959, for a total estimated dosage of 169 pounds per acre. Until 1953 applications were made with hand-controlled hydraulic systems, after which spraying was done with air carrier sprayers. The soil type is Meyer clay adobe, and the orchard is kept free of vegetation by cultivation. 

Used pre- and postemergence in maize at rates of 4.5-7.0 kg/ha, in vineyards and apple and pear orchards at rates of 10-18 kg/ha, and in seed alfalfa (2-years old or older) at rates of 5-8 kg/ha, its action lasts for a year. 

The feasibility of employing fluorescent tracers and video imaging analysis to quantify dermal exposure to pesticide applicators has been demonstrated under realistic field conditions. Six workers loaded a tracer with the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon, into air blast sprayers, and conducted normal dormant spraying in pear orchards. They were examined prior to and immediately after the application. UV-A illumination produced fluorescence on the skin surface, and the pattern of exposure was digitized with a video imaging system. Quantifiable levels of tracer were detected beneath cotton coveralls on five workers. The distribution of exposure over the body surface varied widely due to differences in protective clothing use, work practices and environmental conditions. This assessment method produced exposure values at variance with those calculated by the traditional patch technique. 

Highly resistant strains of M. tuberctdosis developed under in vitro conditions shortly after application of streptomydn to control tuberculosis [61]. Streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora were first deteded in 1971 in pear orchards of California [62, 63]. Subsequently, streptomydn-resistant E. amylovora-strains were reported from areas where the antibiotic has been applied intensively for fire blight control, such as in several western states of the USA [64-66] and outside the USA, e.g., in Egypt [67] and in New Zealand [68]. 

The emergence of streptomycin-resistant strains in pear orchards in California in 1971 and in Michigan in 1990 has stimulated studies on emergence, development and mechanisms of streptomycin resistance in E. amylovora. Mechanisms of resistance to streptomydn indude alterations of the ribosomal target site, production of streptomycin-modifying enzymes and reduced uptake and thus access to the target site [69, 70],... 

Ilichev, A.L. Stelinski, L.L. Williams, D.G. Gut, L.J. Sprayable microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in Australian peach and pear orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(6), 2048-2054, 2006. 

Throughout the apple and pear orchards of Canada and northwestern U. S., only a few major pests need be contained population monitoring and control are especially promising. Monitoring, combined with visual inspection for the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella, is successfully... 

Yahia EM. 2009a. Prickly pear. Chapter 13. In Rees D, Farrell G, Orchard JE, editors. Crop Postharvest Science and Technology, Volume 3. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell. In press. 

Uses Vulcanizer seed disinfectant rubber accelerator rabbit, deer and rodent repellent bacteriostat in soap. Protective fungicide applied to foliage to control Botrytis spp. On ornamentals, lettuce, soft fruit, and vegetables Venturia pirina on pears. Also used in fields and orchards to control birds, rodents, and deer (Worthing and Hance, 1991). Prevents infestation of... 

Uses herbicide for soya, maize, pear, beans, onion, orchards... 

A second source of loss is the crop itself, which carries a portion of the pesticide as a residue. Assuming that the apples or pears shipped from the orchards carried DDT residues at the legal limit of 7 p.p.m. and that an average yield of fruit is 20 tons per acre, one can calculate that 5.6 pounds of DDT have left the orchard by this route. This accounts for about 1.5% of the pesticide applied to the Hood River orchard and about 3% of that applied to the Medford orchard. 

In many cases cultivated soils have compacted areas which can severely impair tree growth. Compaction in soil may be due to factors associated with soil formation or geology, or it may have been caused by mechanical pressure from machinery or by deposits by transport and ground-levelling vehicles. If the soil is compacted it is absolutely essential to loosen the subsoil (e.g. by trenching or deep cultivation) before a new orchard is set up. Dwarfing rootstocks for apples and pears (M9, M27, quince C), elder and small fruit trees are particularly sensitive to soil compaction. 

The pear sucker species overwinter both in and outside the orchard. On the first warm days in March they emerge from their hiding-places and mate. At the end of March they start to lay their oval, yellow eggs, first on the fruit spurs and later on the inflorescences and leaves. The first larvae appear before flowering and begin immediately to suck on leaves and blossoms. From the third larval stage onwards they start to secrete honeydew. Two or three generations develop. Particularly between the end of May and middle of June the pear sucker population can increase dramatically or else completely collapse because of natural factors (predators and/or weather). Newly hatched pear suckers are very sensitive to cool, damp weather. 

Soap or wetting agent formulations dissolve the honeydew and also have a limited toxic effect on the pear sucker larvae. Pyrethrum sprays also only have a limited effect on the larvae. Wait for rain or water the orchard before using a pyrethrum spray, so as to dissolve the honeydew. 

Twigs of apple, pear, or cherry trees. Already existing prunings from orchards are perfect for our purpose 100 twigs for a 10 x 10 grid. 

Mass trapping works best if your orchard is isolated from other sources of codling moth and other fruit pests (at least 1 mile away from other apple, pear, or walnut trees), since new pests migrate from neighboring orchards. 

In small orchards, you can take the time to protect individual fruit on apple and pear trees by enclosing them in paper bags. The bags prevent insect pests from finding and damaging the fruit. 

Before windsurfing became a big hit, Hood River was famous among epicureans for its orchards and vineyards. The area s fruits are coveted by gourmet chefs worldwide. In the autumn, take a drive down the Mt. Hood Loop tour and stop at any of the fruit stands along the way. Another way to enjoy the local bounty is to visit the Hood River Harvest Festival held in mid-October. Pick up locally grown winter pears, Bartletts, Newton apples, cherries and peaches amid a backdrop of colorful fall foliage. Admission to the festival is free. 

Isolates. Pear leaves with sporulating V. nashicola were collected from orchards in Japan, and conidia from the lesions were suspended in sterile distilled water. Drops of conidial suspensions were placed on water agar plates and incubated at 15 C for 3 to 5 days. Agar blocks containing germinated conidia were individually isolated with a steel needle after microscopic observation and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants. After incubation at 20 C for about two months, the... 

Apples and pears are popular choices, but cherries, plums, and damsons can all make up your orchard. What you grow depends on what fruits you want to pick for your household, and which varieties are particularly suited to your conditions and the area that you live in. Cherries, for example, do best in sheltered areas where the rainfall is light. They can make majestic trees—up to 40 ft (12 m) tall—and require plenty of space. All varieties of plum tree flower in spring, so they should be grown in a frost-free site, if possible. 

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