Visual observation

For Jet Al, the pressure drop should be less than 33 mbar, and the visual observation of the tube should correspond to a minimum of three on the scale of reference. 

All laminated glass iacreases the level of secutity to some extent. However, depending on the appHcation, secutity glass is constmcted of multiple layers of glass, PVB, polycarbonate, polyurethane, or other polymer matenals. Laminated glass permits the same visual observation as normal glass but prevents or delays unauthorized entry (or exit) until the attempt can be detected. It complies with test UL 972 (38). 

Miscible blends of high molecular weight polymers often exhibit LOST behavior (3) blends that are miscible only because of relatively low molecular weights may show UCST behavior (11). The cloud-point temperatures associated with Hquid—Hquid phase separation can often be adequately determined by simple visual observations (39) nevertheless, instmmented light transmission or scattering measurements frequendy are used (49). The cloud point observed maybe a sensitive function of the rate of temperature change used, owing to the kinetics of the phase-separation process (39). 

There are several systems that define the quality and uniformity of natural mbber. One system of grading natural mbber is based on form and visual observation of color and cleanliness. This is known as the International Natural Rubber Specification. The principal types and grades are as follows. There are five other types of mbber classified by this system and many other grades not Hsted here. 

Glassification of Phase Boundaries for Binary Systems. Six classes of binary diagrams have been identified. These are shown schematically in Figure 6. Classifications are typically based on pressure—temperature (P T) projections of mixture critical curves and three-phase equiHbria lines (1,5,22,23). Experimental data are usually obtained by a simple synthetic method in which the pressure and temperature of a homogeneous solution of known concentration are manipulated to precipitate a visually observed phase. 

The Ke-in.-diameter pits are clustered into groups near the center and along the edges of the bore (Fig. 12.12). The interior of the pits is jagged and free of deposits or visually observable corrosion products. 

Because wastage is usually slight, identification by visual observation alone is difficult microscopic examination is usually required. Layer-type dealloying commonly occurs. Plug-type denickelification attack has never been observed at this laboratory. Surfaces have a reddish color due to the accumulation of denickelified metal. 

The second misconception involves the perception of what constitutes a defect. A defect is not simply a visually observable discontinuity such as a hole, lap, or seam in a component. Defects, from a failure-analysis standpoint, may also be such things as a high residual stress that may lead to cracking or unfavorable microstructures that can lead to either... 

Welding stresses are not visually observable. The common nondestructive technique available for determining residual stresses is x-ray diffraction. 

Gross cracks may be visually observable. Nondestructive testing for the presence of cracks includes using dye penetrant, ultrasonics, and radiography. Determination of the cracking mechanism will require metallographic analysis. 

Finally, the combustion zone does not always proceed at a uniform rate, but oscillates in time, slowing down and dren advancing rapidly. This effect is probably due to die non-uniform packing and distribution of die reactants in the compact. Also visual observation shows that the zone is not uniformly distributed around the periphety of the compact, and the observed movement of a hot spot around the periphery is usually refeiTed to as spin combustion. 

Gas velocihes can also be measured with anemometers (rotating vane, hot wire, etc.), from visual observations such as the velocity of smoke puffs, or from mass balance data (knowing the fuel consumption rate, air/ fuel ratio, and stack diameter). 

Visually observable breaks in surface laminations indications on nondestructive testing charts. 

The hydrostatic testing is the first test used on the lube system. The system is tested while assembled or partially assembled, based on the particular system. A test pressure of VA times the maximum allowable working pressure, a minimum of 20 psi for the oil side, is used for the test. For the oil-wetted parts, the test fluid should be light oil, which is normally the recommended lubricant for the compressor train. The test period is the length of time needed to inspect for leaks, or a minimum ol thirty minutes. Acceptance is based on the lack of leaks as visually observed or the lack of a drop in the test pressure. 

Direct visual observation preliminary observation for final characterization, or preparative for other instrumentation... 

Maintenance "indicators" are available to help facility staff determine when routine maintenance is required. For example, air filters are often neglected (sometimes due to reasons such as difficult access) and fail to receive maintenance at proper intervals. Installation of an inexpensive manometer, an instrument used to monitor the pressure loss across a filter bank, can give an immediate indication of filter condition without having to open the unit to visually observe the actual filter. Computerized systems are available that can prompt staff to carry out maintenance activities at the proper intervals. Some of these programs can be connected to building equipment so that a signal is transmitted to staff if a piece of equipment malfunctions. Individual areas can be monitored for temperature, air movement, humidity, and carbon dioxide, and new sensors are constantly entering the market. 

It may have been possible to implement very obvious waste-reduction measures already, before embarking on obtaining a material balance (even as early as at the end of Phase I). You should now consider the material balance information in conjunction with visual observations made during the data-collection period, to pinpoint areas or operations where simple adjustments in procedure could greatly improve the efficiency of the process by reducing unnecessary losses. 

The ineident eommander may rely on visual observation of plae-ards, labels, and manifests and information gathered during the response. Obtaining air measurements with monitoring equipment for toxie eon-eentrations of vapors, partieulates, explosive potential, and the possibility of radiation exposure is important for determining the nature, degree, and extent of the hazards [2]. 

Most of the vibration-based predictive maintenance systems include the capability of recording visual observations as part of the routine data acquisition process. Since the incremental costs of these visual observations are small, this technique should be incorporated in all predictive maintenance programs. 

A listing of visual observations. Most of the microprocessor-based systems support visual observations as part of their approach to predictive maintenance. This report provides hard copies of the visual observations as well as maintaining the information in the computer s database. 

In mechanistic studies of stress corrosion and also in the collection of data for remaining-life predictions for plant there is need for stress-corrosion crack velocity measurements to be made. In the simplest way these can be made by microscopic measurement at the conclusion of tests, the assumption being made that the velocity is constant throughout the period of exposure, or, if the crack is visible during the test, in situ measurements may be made by visual observation, the difficulty then being that it is assumed that the crack visible at a surface is representative of the behaviour below the surface. Indirect measurements must frequently be resorted to, and these... 

The performance of organic finishes on test is evaluated by visual observation and by physical tests made upon coated specimens that have been exposed for various periods of time to natural or accelerated weathering conditions. Electrical tests are sometimes used on immersed specimens. 

Suppose we compare two liquid samples, one of distilled water, and one of salt water. Each sample is a homogeneous system consisting of a single phase. However, one of the liquids is a pure substance whereas the other is a solution. We cannot tell, merely by visual observation, which of these clear liquids is the pure substance and which is the solution. True, there are differences—for example, the salt water has a greater density than the pure water—but even this property does not indicate which is the pure substance. 

By direct visual observation we can watch the contents of these two bulbs approach the constancy of macroscopic properties (in this case,, color) that indicates equilibrium. In bulb A equilibrium was approached by the dissociation of > N2Qi, reaction (4) in bulb B it was approached by the opposite reaction, reaction (5). Here it is clear why the color of each bulb stopped changing at the particular hue characteristic of the equilibrium state at 25°C. The reaction between N02 and N204 can proceed in both directions ... 

The parameters which characterize the thermodynamic equilibrium of the gel, viz. the swelling degree, swelling pressure, as well as other characteristics of the gel like the elastic modulus, can be substantially changed due to changes in external conditions, i.e., temperature, composition of the solution, pressure and some other factors. The changes in the state of the gel which are visually observed as volume changes can be both continuous and discontinuous [96], In principle, the latter is a transition between the phases of different concentration of the network polymer one of which corresponds to the swollen gel and the other to the collapsed one. 

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