Microanalysis system

S. Kojima, M. Loughran, and H. Suzuki, Microanalysis system for p02, pC02, and pH constructed with stacked modules. IEEE Sens. J. 5, 1120-1126 (2005). 

Figures 8.27 and 8.28(a) and (b) from Allmand and Jagger, Electron Beam X-ray Microanalysis Systems, by permission of Cambridge Instruments Ltd., U.K.

Oxford Instruments, 2006. INCAEnergy EDS X-ray Microanalysis System. Oxford Instruments Analytical Limited, Oxfordshire,... 

It is therefore frequently difficult to find punctual areas in the sample having a sufficient concentration of the desired analyte to be detected by the x-ray microanalysis system. Thus, identification and eventually quantitation of metals in dec-orative/protective layers of pictorial samples by SEM/EDX frequently require an accurate and often time-consuming scanning process. 

Hair fibers are assessed for sulfur content by weight using an EDAX X-ray microanalysis system. Samples are examined for an average of at least 300 live seconds to ensure a comprehensive reading is obtained (36). 

T. G. Kee, and C. Beck, Casework Assessment of an Automated Scanning Electron Microscope/Microanalysis System for the Detection of Firearms Discharge Particles, Journal of the Forensic Science Society 27 (1987) 321. 

Cells Optical Photometers, interferometers, Microanalysis System (pTAS)... 

A scanning electron microscope (Philips 505) equipped with four scintillator-type backscattered electron detectors and an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis system (Tracor Northern 5500) were used to analyze the specimens. 

Tracor Northern manufacture complete x-ray microanalysis systems with video image collection and storage. The TN-8500 Image Analysis System features dedicated imaging hardware and software combined in an integrated system for advanced applications from the simplest particle size analysis to the most complex imaging applications such as fast Fourier transformation and 3-D reconstruction. 

Analysis and spectroscopic study. The elemental analysis was performed with anICP-6000 spectrometer. The precursors crystallization was studied by thermal analysis methods (TG85). The samples were analysed by IR spectroscopy (Nicollet, FTIR-7500) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD, DRON-3). The morphology of surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL, JSM-6100). The density of KTP particles was determined by a sink-float method. Local x-ray analysis was performed using Link ISIS microanalysis system (Si Li detector) mounted on Jeol 2000 FX microscope. Bruker-400 apparatus was used for P, C and H NMR study of precursor solution. The YAG Nd SHG was measured on LS-10 device. 

Elemental analysis was carried out using a thin-window EDAX energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector and microanalysis system (EDAX Inc., USA). It was not possible to analyse the sample at temperatures above 400 because the infrared radiation from the heating stage would swamp the X-ray detector. Therefore, for temperatures above this value, the sample temperature was first lowered to 350 °C for the analysis, and then restored to its prior setting. Since any evolved gas was constantly being pumped away and the pressure inside the chamber was only 2 Torr, the chances of reverse reactions taking place were absolutely minimal. 

Thirty-two NT-154 tensile specimens were evaluated at temperatures from 1200 C to 1400 C. The first three specimens tested at 1400 C were to be loaded at 300 MPa for an exposure time of 100 hours. However, all three specimens failed during loading before reaching 300 MPa. As a result, an additional four tensile specimens were loaded to only 200 MPa for exposures at 1400"C up to 100 hours. At 1200 C five specimens were loaded to 300 MPa and four were loaded to 200 MPa for tensile stress rupture testing to 100 hours. The specimens that endured the 100-hour exposure were subsequently loaded to failure. In addition, five specimens were tested at 1250 C and six specimens were tested at 1300 C at 300 MPa. None of these tensile specimens survived the 100 hours. Five specimens were also loaded to 200 MPa at 1300 C for 100 hours. Fracture origins were determined by optical microscopy and SEM (JEOL/JSM-80 with EG G Ortec System 5000 Microanalysis System). 

To get mechanistic information, gravimetric measurements should always go together with metallographic and analytical investigations aimed at the smdy of the morphology and the composition of the corrosion products and the metal in the vicinity of the surface. For this, a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray microanalysis system is particularly well suited. Transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with electron diffraction, and conventional X-ray diffraction methods are also frequently applied. Surface analysis methods such as XPS, AES and SIMS permit the study of the oxide-metal interface and of initial oxide growth. 

In addition to valves, pumps, nozzles and dispensers, microtechnologies make available other modular fluid-flow components such as flow sensors, micromixers and reaction chambers. Customized fluid systems can now be produced solely on the basis of these modular components. Typical applications are microanalysis systems and microdosing systems, for example for dosing medications, chemical reagents, lubricants and adhesives. 

Detection principles for Total Chemical Microanalysis Systems (p-TAS) have to... 

Summarizing it could not be emphasized enough that the future and the acceptance of microanalysis systems will depend on the development of devices which can match or better surpass the properties of present analysis instruments as far as reliability, stability, selectivity or specificity and sensitivity are concerned whereby longevity and fast response times are of equal importance Last not least new flexible production techniques will have... 

It can be concluded that gas sensors can be made very small and with small consumption of the molecules to be detected. They can, therefore, be used to analyze gas evalution from small samples and with small gas flows with both industrial and medical applications. Furthermore, the use of sensor arrays gives the possibility to construct electronic noses for more complicated situations related to identification, classification and quantification of gas mixtures or odours. The final microanalysis system for gases may perhaps consist of microfabricated gas handling, an integrated sensor array and a dedicated chip for signal treatment and pattern recognition. 

Microanalysis systems which are built up in a modular way can be adapted to various applications by exchanging individual modules. Thus, a bigger number of units can be sold and prices reduced. At the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center a microfluidic handling module is being developed which will be used in two different microanalysis systems joined with sensor modules. A batch fabrication process has been developed which was used to manufacture micropumps and microvalve systems by assembly of two molded thermoplastic parts and transfer of a polyimide diaphragm from a silicon wafer. 

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