Nanoparticles carbon black

Figure 22.1 Signaling cascade induced by NPCB (carbon black nanoparticles) in rat lung epithelium (RLE)-6TN cells. Both membrane receptors, EGF-R and Pi-integrin, probably cooperatively induce proliferative signaling via extracellular ERKl/2. Data from this study demonstrate that PI3K and Akt are main mediators of this signaling between membrane receptors and MAPKs. Furthermore, no evidence for an involvement of focal contact proteins FAK and ILK could be obtained. (Modified after Reference 4 and used with permission of K. Unfried et al., Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2008, 294 L358-L367.)...

Fei, H.J.,Yang, C.Y, Bao, H., Wang, G.C., 2014. Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene/ carbon black nanoparticle film electrodes and cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)-Fl2S04 porous gel electrolytes. J. Power Sources 266, 488 95. 

The environment in which the sport is taking place can also pose some constraints for example, the development of sensors for wet sports, impact sports or sports taking place in extreme temperature requires additional consideration for the system s robustness and stability. Further, local temperature, humidity and pH levels also change during physical exercise and can affect some sensors. For example, Cochrane et al. (2007) demonstrated how the electrical performance of their sensor material, a thermoplastic elastomer composite, was affected by high humidity. After 50% relative humidity, resistance increases rapidly with humidity. They attributed it to the carbon black nanoparticles of the composite, which are sensitive to water. At high humidity, temperature also had a small effect on resistance. Munro et al. (2008) also found that while their strain sensors were able to provide valid and reliable data compared to a video-based motion analysis system, the consistency of the feedback was affected by enviromnental conditions. 

A review of the data in Table I reveals that Monarch 880 carbon black is possibly most similar in chemical and physical property to Monarch 1100 except for density. The iodine number, vhich indicates reactivity of vinyl and odier functional groiqis, does not correlate with the results in Table n. Monarch 1100 is twice as dense as Monarch 880, vhich means greater nms per volume. This feature should correlate with tighter packing, possibly due to more interparticle fusion, of die primary carbon black nanoparticles in die aggregates. If diis postulate is valid, the observation that the more dense ag gates yield to breakiqi more efficiendy cannot be eiqilained by die current results. 

Carbon black nanoparticles Improved abrasion resistance and toughness, high chemical resistance and electrical conductivity... 

Bikiaris, D.N., Achilias, D.S., Giliopoulos, D., and Karayannidis, G.P. (2006) Effect of activated carbon black nanoparticles on solid state polymerization of polyfethylene terephthalate). Eur. Polym. /., 42, 3190-3201. 

Another way to obtain a flexible textile compatible strain sensor is based on conductive polymer composites (Cochrane et al., 2007). Carbon black nanoparticles are captured in a thermoplastic elastomer matrix that can be printed onto a textile substrate (Fig. 2.4). Upon strain deformation, the distance between the particles will change and an electrical current will pass less easily through the composite, resulting in a resistance change. 

Smiechowski ME, Lvovich VF (2005) Characterization of non-aqueous dispersions of carbon black nanoparticles by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem 577 67-78. doi 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.11.015... 

Kim et al. [56] also discussed the cryogenic properties at -150°C of carbon black nanoparticle-reinforced epoxy resins. Nanoparticle reinforcement improved fracture toughness at room temperature but decreased fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. 

Roussel M, Malhaire C, Deman A-L et al (2014) Electromechanical study of polyurethane films with carbon black nanoparticles for MEMS actuators. J Micromech Microeng 24 055011 Schlaak HF, Jungmann M, Matysek M et al (2005) Novel multilayer electrostatic solid-state actuators with elastic dielectric. Proc SPIE 5759 121-133 Shian S, Diebold RM, McNamara A et al (2012) Highly compliant transparent electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 101 061101... 

Carbon black nanoparticle-reinforced polyisoprene applied in electric heating elements and resistors as thermodynamically inactive materials for a high dielectric constant (>1000) has been studied. The dissipation factor (tanS) of this carbon black nanocomposite was high (Xu and Wong, 2005). However, improving the dispersion of the nanoparticles in polymer lowers the percolation threshold of composites (Raza et al., 2012 Sumfleth et al., 2011). The electrical conductivity of rubbery epoxy/carbon black nanocomposites at 8 wt% filler loading was 2 x 10 S/m, which matched the criterion of electrical conductivity for electrostatic applications (10 S/m) (Ali Raza et al., 2012 Knite et al., 2004 Sasha Stankovich et al., 2006). 

Chutmgchote S, Sirivat A, Supaphol P (2007) Mechanical and electro-rheological properties of electrospun poly(vinylalcohol) nanofiber mats filled with carbon black nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 18 145705-145712... 

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