Vaccination inactivated whole cell

Vaccines The currently available inactivated whole cell vaccine is not recommended for protection from a biological warfare agent since it does not protect laboratory animals from aerosolized plague. However, the vaccine is effective in preventing bubonic plague in persons in endemic or epidemic areas. 

Vaccines IND 610 (inactivated whole cell vaccine given as single injection) is available through USAMRIID Fort Detrick, MD 21702 and Q-Vax (CSL Ltd., Parkville, Victoria, AUSTRALIA). This vaccine is effective in eliciting protection against exposure, but severe local reactions to this vaccine may be seen in those persons who already possess immunity. 

Kleanthous, H., Lee, C. K. and Monath, T. P. 1998, Vaccine development against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Br.MedBull., 54 229-241 Kotloff, K. L., Sztein, M. B., Wasserman, S. S., Losonsky, G. A., DiLorenzo, S. C. and Walker, R. I. 2001, Safety and immunogenicity of oral inactivated whole-cell Helicobacter pylori vaccine with adjuvant among volunteers with or without subclinical infection. Infect.Immun., 69 3581-3590 Kreiss, C., Buclin, T., Cosma, M., Corthesy-Theulaz, I. and Michetti, P. 1996, Safety of oral immunisation with recombinant urease in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet, 347 1630-1631... 

Izzo AA, Marmion BP, Worswick DA. Markers of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, whole-cell Q fever vaccine. J Infect Dis. 1988 157 781-789. 

Chemically or heat-inactivated whole cell preparations. Typically, inactivation is with 0.3-0.5% (v/v) formalin. This approach has been used successfully with Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri, which are the causal agents of vibriosis and enteric redmouth, respectively. K carried out carefully and with sufficient safety checks, the vaccines are inevitably safe, and from the commercial prospect, there is negligible opportunity of a competitor acquiring and cloning the bacterial strain(s). 

This forms the basis of production of some current commercial furunculosis vaccines. Complex preparations, such as those containing inactivated whole cells supplemented with toxoids and/or purified subcellular components, have been evaluated. Also, the relative benefits of polyvalent versus monovalent preparations have been considered. 

A bivalent P. damselae subsp. piscicida (RPS = -88%) and V. harveyi (RPS = -82%) vaccine based on formalized cells and ECP was administered by i.p. injection or immersion with booster dose to sole, and led to commendable protection for 4 months after which there was a decline in effectiveness (Arijo et al., 2005). Toxoid enriched inactivated whole cells of P. damselae subsp. piscicida applied by immersion led to a RPS of 37-41% and a low antibody response in sea bream (Magarinos et al., 1994). An improved RPS of >60% after 35 days resulted from use of an LPS mixed chloroform-killed whole cell vaccine (Kawakami et al., 1997). 

The U.S. standard pertussis vaccine is used to standardize the potency of the whole cell pertussis vaccine. The number of protective units in the vaccine is estimated for each lot from the results of simultaneous intracerebral mouse-protection tests of the vaccine being studied and the U.S. reference standard (14,17). The potency of the acellular vaccines is estimated by their ability to produce antibodies to the proteins in the vaccine in a mouse model. These vaccines also undergo a series of animal safety tests to ensure that the inactivation and toxoiding steps were carried out correcdy (14,17). 

Dual-chamber syringe. For delivery of two established vaccines (e.g., polyribosyl ribitol phosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine) at the same time, a dual-chamber syringe delivery system can be used. The proximal chamber may contain a vaccine in the freeze-dried solid state, and the distal chamber contains a vaccine in the liquid formulation that allows reconstitution of the vaccine in the proximal chamber. The immune response by the dualchamber delivery of vaccination was equivalent to that by the separate-injection method of vaccination. The dual-chamber syringe can be used for safe and effective delivery of two different vaccines that are not yet available as a single formulation for pediatric applications. ... 

Imovax rabies vaccine (human diploid cell) powder for injection freeze-dried suspension of Wistar rabies virus strain PM-1503-3M grown in human diploid cell cultures (inactivated whole virus). 

Traditional vaccines mainly composed of live attenuated or inactivated whole bacteria or viruses, often show unwanted side effects. New generations of vaccines will probably be composed of relevant antigen subunits derived either from the pathogen itself or prepared via molecular, biological or chemical techniques. However, formulations based on antigens or subunits bearing one or more B and T cell epitopes in a monomeric form are often weakly immunogenic when compared to traditional... 

Most current whooping cough vaccines are inactivated whole B. pertussis. The cells are harvested by centrifugation and then resuspended in buffer, which is the supemate in some cases. This is done because some of the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxin (PT) antigens are released into the supernate. The cell concentrate is inactivated by mild heat and stored with thimerosal and/or formaldehyde. The inactivation process serves the dual purpose of killing the cells and inactivating the toxins. 

DT-IPV Diphtheria + tetanus toxoids + inactivated polio vaccine DTtvP Diphtheria + tetanus toxoids + whole cell pertussis HAV Hepatitis A virus... 

Traditional vaccines mainly consisted of live attenuated pathogens, whole inactivated orj nisms, or inactivated bacterial toxins. Many traditional vaccines based on pathogen whole cells often contain components that can cause toxicity related side effects. As a result... 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Very often whole-killed vaccines are formulated with adjuvants, which are designed to enhance vaccine persistence and induction of immune responses. However, the only adjuvant currently approved by FDA for clinical use is alum, in the form of vaccines complexed with aluminum hydroxide or aluminum sulfate. Even with the help of alum adjuvants, inactivated vaccine antigens are presented to APC extracellularly, as opposed to intracellularly, leading to a bias toward antibody-mediated responses. Little or no cell-mediated response to whole-killed vaccines with alum adjuvant renders some vaccines ineffective. 

The hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix) is an inactivated preparation that is produced by propagation of the vims in cultured human diploid cells and then is inactivated with formalin. Tkantigen form is lysed whole vimses. The antigen type is pnitein. The course of immuni/ation involves two injections uvern 4-wcek period and a booster 12 months after the first injection. Indications are... 

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