Plague bubonic

Besides the incredible tenderness, buboes are warm and nonfluctuant, frequently associated with surrounding edema, but rarely lymphangitis. Occasionally, buboes 

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Devastation caused by pests has troubled both ancient and modem humans often changing the course of history. The bubonic plague in Europe and the great potato famine in Ireland were both caused by pests. In 1884, grasshoppers caused such a food shortage in the midwestem United States that a national disaster was declared. 

The first control of plague through the use of DDT was accomplished by the U. S. Army in Dakar in November and December 1944 and in Casablanca in July 1945 (8). The outbreak in Dakar had been active since April 20, 1944, and its complete control was apparently almost entirely due to the universal application of DDT in the native quarters to persons, beds, floors, walls, and premises generally. Following this experience, DDT was used more promptly in Casablanca. Macchiavello (13,14) considers, on the basis of his experience in Peru, that the use of DDT followed by the use of 1080 (sodium fluoroace-tate) may be the method of choice in the control of epidemics of bubonic plague. Pollock (20) using DDT alone successfully controlled an epidemic of plague in Haifa in July 1947. 

Bubonic Plague Incubation period is from two to ten days. Malaise, high fever, and tender lymph nodes (buboes inflammatory swelling of one or more lymph nodes, usually in the groin the confluent mass of nodes usually suppurates and drains pus) may progress spontaneously to the septicemic form, with spread to the central nervous system (CNS), lungs, and elsewhere. 

Decontamination Soap and water, or diluted sodium hypochlorite solution (0.5 percent). Removal of potentially contaminated clothing should be done by people in full protective clothing in an area away from non-contaminated persons. For victims with bubonic plague, drainage, and secretion procedures need to be employed. Careful treatment of buboes is required to avoid aerosolizing infectious material. For victims with pneumonic plague, strict isolation is absolutely necessary. Heat, disinfectants and sunlight renders bacteria harmless. 

Prophylaxis For asymptomatic patients exposed to plague aerosol, or to a patient with suspected pneumonic plague, provide doxycycline at 100 mg orally twice daily for seven days, or for the duration of risk of exposure plus one week. Alternative antibiotics include ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol. No vaccine is currently available for plague propylaxis. The previously available licensed, killed vaccine was effective against bubonic plague, but not against aerosol exposure. 

Isolation Precautions for Bubonic Plague Standard precautions for all aspects of care including strict hand washing with antimicrobial soap. 

Patient Placement for Bubonic Plague Private room or share with like patients if no... 

Patient Transport with Bubonic Plague Limit movement for essential purposes only. 

Cleaning, Disinfecting Equipment with Bubonic Plague Terminal cleaning required with Phenolic disinfect surfaces with 1 9 bleach/water solution (10 percent) linen doubled bagged and air filter changed before room terminally cleaned. 

Cleaning, Disinfecting Equipment with Pneumonic Plague (The same series of isolation controls as for bubonic plague). 

Discharge Management with Bubonic Plague Teach care givers Standard Precautions. 

Vaccines The currently available inactivated whole cell vaccine is not recommended for protection from a biological warfare agent since it does not protect laboratory animals from aerosolized plague. However, the vaccine is effective in preventing bubonic plague in persons in endemic or epidemic areas. 

Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague. This occurs when an infected flea bites a person or when materials contaminated with Y. pestis enter through a break in a person s skin. Patients develop swollen, tender lymph glands (called buboes) and fever, headache, chills, and weakness. Bubonic plague does not spread from person to person. 

Plague Bacterial agent that may cause bubonic plague or pneumonic plague. 

Variations of disease Bubonic plague, pneumonic plague... 

In a biological warfare scenario, the plague bacteria could be delivered by contaminated fleas (bubonic plague) or, more likely, by aerosol spread (pneumonic plague). Pneumonic plague can be transmitted also by large aerosol droplets expelled by coughing. 

The Middle Ages, from around ad 400 to 1500, witnessed the decline of the Roman influence. This was also the time when plagues scourged many parts of Europe. Diseases such as bubonic plague, leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, and scabies were rampant. Many millions of people succumbed to these diseases. 

The European bubonic plague of 1347 killed one-third of the population of Europe. It is the largest single plague ever recorded. The disappearance of the Aztec civilization was spurred by smallpox and measles introduced by Hernando Cortes and his band of Spanish invaders. The same diseases also decimated Native Americans in what is now the United States. Much more recently, the influenza epidemic of 1918 killed an estimated 40 million people worldwide. Malaria continues to be a major problem for people and their countries today in areas in which it is endemic. AIDS, tuberculosis, influenza, hepatitis, pneumonia, and a lengthy list of parasitic infections continue as important constraints on the welfare of people throughout the world. 

The presence of sodium urate in the amorphous deposits in a jug found in 1903, but dating back to the Middle Ages, suggests that it was used to store urine, from which the urate precipitated as the urine evaporated. But why was urine stored in a jug in the Middle Ages Perhaps because drinking urine was highly recommended at this time for treatment of bubonic plague and other diseases Lancet, July 11, 1942). 

Monkey AIDS the most serious disease since the bubonic plague ... 

Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, bacteria that are carried through infected flea bites, direct contact, and by inhalation of infective materials. Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague and is derived from the bite of a flea that fed previously on infected animals. Pneumonic plague causes the greatest amount of mortality and is transmitted by aerosol. It... 

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