Subcellular components

Phase contrast cell boundaries and cell walls also images fibrous subcellular components, e.g., microtubules. Produces visible differences Transmission Electron Subcellular morphology... 

Vileno B, Lekka M, Sienkiewicz A, Marcoux P, Kulik AJ, Kasas S, Catsicas S, Graczyk A, Forro L (2005) Singlet oxygen ((l)Delta(g))-mediated oxidation of cellular and subcellular components ESR and AFM assays. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 17 S1471—S1482. 

As discussed above, ufa, which are present primarily in cellular membranes, appear to be particularly susceptible to oxidative degradation by ozone. Various studies of membrane lipid peroxidation have implicated this process in damage to organelles, including mitochondria, micro-somes, and lysosomes, as well as to the cell membrane itself. By analogy, it is conceivable that many of the findings in cells and subcellular components described in other sections of this chapter are secondary to ozone-induced lipid peroxidation. However, this remains conjectural. 

The biological sample in consideration for analysis is first pulverized then, it is homogenized, sonicated, or disrupted to form a mixture containing cells and subcellular components in a buffer system. Proteins are extracted from this mixture using these substances... 

With the help of a micro-Raman setup the laser spot can be focused down to about 1 pm in diameter. This allows for the differentiation of single bacterial cells or a biochemical analysis of subcellular components within bacterial (diameter approx. 1 pm) or yeast cells (diameter approx. 5-10pm). A confocal Raman setup achieves an even better spatial resolution [6, 7]. This possibility enables Raman mapping or imaging experiments with spatially resolved information of the whole sample in axial and lateral directions. 

Fig. 19.2. Micro-Raman spectra of different single bacterial cells normal bacterial Raman spectrum of Staph, wameri compared to Raman spectra with enhanced amounts of subcellular components calcium dipicolinate for a spore of B. pumilus polyhydroxy butyric acid (PHB) in B. megaterium cytochrome in Staph, cohnii and sarcina xanthin in M. luteus...

Fig. 19.4. UVRR spectrum of a bacterial bulk layer with genotypic information due to enhanced DNA and protein signals compared with a micro-Raman spectrum of a bacterial cell for phenotypic characterization since all subcellular components DNA, protein, carbohydrates, and lipids contribute to the Raman spectrum...

Mechanism of Action. These drugs exert a direct effect on susceptible protozoa by causing degeneration of subcellular components such as the nucleus and reticular system within the parasite. 

In the fine structure of cells, microtubules make up fibers such as the spindle fibers that attach to centromeres of chromosomes to pull chromatids apart during mitosis and meiosis. Microtubules function in a number of cellular processes, including motility of cells and subcellular components. Microtubules assemble into tubulin, a substance that can change the shape of cells. 

When metal interaction with subcellular components (membranes, chloroplasts, mitochondria) and enzymes is discussed, it is a prerequisite to take into account the... 

Some recent studies [19-21] suggest that not all of the actions of l,25(OH)2D3 are explained by l,25(OH)2D3 receptor interactions with the genome. Rapid effects of l,25(OH)2D3 on stimulating intestinal calcium transport have been demonstrated which occur too quickly (within 4-6 minutes) to involve genome activation and have led to the hypothesis that some of the actions of l,25(OH)2D3 may be mediated at the membrane or by extranuclear subcellular components. 

Clarke MJ, Bitler S, Rennert D, Buchbinder M, Kelman AD (1980) Reduction and subsequent binding of ruthenium ions catalyzed by subcellular components. J Inorg Biochem 12 79-87... 

Prior to total RNA extraction, sample lysis procedures have to be performed. Lysis conditions are very important for the success of the RNA extraction and depend strongly upon the sample used. Due to great diversity, the biological sample can be pulverized, homogenized, sonicated, or otherwise disrupted to yield a mixture that contains cells, subcellular components, and other biological debris in an aqueous buffer or suspension. Here is described the protocol for the Trizol method of RNA extraction. 

Many models have been proposed to describe or explain the physical properties of wool fibers. Some simple mechanical models, such as those of Shorter (1924) and Burte and Halsey (1947) describe the behavior of fibers in terms of idealized mechanical components which can be treated mathematically (Feughelman, 1954 Feughelman and Rigby, 1956 Ruoff and Eyring, 1956 Warburton, 1956). Others relate the physical properties of the fiber to observed or hypothetical cellular or subcellular components within the fiber. None of the proposed models accounts for all the physical and chemical data available. 

Liu Z, Nalcatsu K, Brien JF et al (1993) Selective sequestration of nitric oxide by subcellular components of vascukr smooth musde and platelets rdatioiufaip to nitric oxide stimulation of the soluble gusnylyl cydase. Can fHiysiol Pharmacol 71 938 94S. 

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