Subclinical infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Enveloped, icosahedral particles 150nm in diameter CMV is generally acquired in childhood as a subclinical infection. About 50% of adults carry the virus in a dormant state in white blood cells. The virus can cause severe disease (pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis) in immunocompromised patients. Primary infections during pregnancy can induce serious congenital abnormalities in the fetus... 

This is produced as a result of an antigenic stimulus. This stimulus may occur naturally by means of a clinical or subclinical infection, or artificially by the deliberate introduction into the body ofthe appropriate antigen in the form ofa vaccine or toxoid (Chapter 16). This type of immunity is normally long-lasting. 

Rubella is a mild, often subclinical infection that is common amongst children aged between 4 and 9 years. Infection during the first trimester of pregnancy brings with it a... 

Since rapid death may occur with certain infections in neutropenic patients, prompt and emergent treatment is indicated. The primary goal is to prevent morbidity and mortality during the neutropenic period. This is accomplished by effectively treating subclinical infections or established infections. 

Lack of precision. The complex nature of any biological system, be it an entire animal or individual cell, often results in the responses observed being influenced by factors such as metabolic status of individual cells, or (in the case of whole animals) subclinical infections, stress levels induced by human handling, etc. 

The active immunity may be acquired following clinical infection (chicken pox, rubella, measles), following subclinical infection (polio and diphtheria) and following immunization with an antigen which may be killed vaccine, live attenuated vaccine or a toxoid. 

Individuals with type 1 diabetes are also at risk of subsequent ketoacidotic crises. One common cause of DKA is noncompliance with insulin therapy. Infections, (including subclinical infections) and physiological stressors (such as myocardial infarction) can also precipitate DKA. Since the mortality rate associated with DKA can be as high as 10%, successfully educating patients about the early warning signs of the condition and providing a plan for early intervention is crucial to its effective prevention. 

Serologic studies have also shown that recently vaccinated contacts of smallpox cases can develop an actual subclinical case, without any symptoms. Persons with subclinical infection have not transmitted the infection to their contacts (25). 

Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccine (BCG). The BCG vaccine is an attenuated, hybridized strain of M. bovis. It was developed in 1921 and is used as a prophylactic vaccine against TB. Administration of BCG vaccine is compulsory in many developing countries and is officially recommended in many others. Vaccination with BCG produces a subclinical infection resulting in sensitization of T-lymphocytes and cross-immunity to M. tuberculosis, as well as cutaneous hypersensitivity and, in many cases, a positive tuberculin skin test. 

When the mother is infected in the first trimester of pregnancy, abortion or stillbirth can occur. When mothers acquired their first infection in the second or third trimester, only 15% and 5% of children presented with a subclinical infection form at birth (Gras et al., 2005). 

Kleanthous, H., Lee, C. K. and Monath, T. P. 1998, Vaccine development against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Br.MedBull., 54 229-241 Kotloff, K. L., Sztein, M. B., Wasserman, S. S., Losonsky, G. A., DiLorenzo, S. C. and Walker, R. I. 2001, Safety and immunogenicity of oral inactivated whole-cell Helicobacter pylori vaccine with adjuvant among volunteers with or without subclinical infection. Infect.Immun., 69 3581-3590 Kreiss, C., Buclin, T., Cosma, M., Corthesy-Theulaz, I. and Michetti, P. 1996, Safety of oral immunisation with recombinant urease in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet, 347 1630-1631... 

For each infectious disease, antibody levels (if any) in naive, subclinically infected, clinically infected, and immune individuals in the endemic population should be sought. Only in this way can the immunoassayist relate antibody levels to infection. Once these parameters are known, the effect of vaccination in these individuals can be assayed as well as the relationship between protective antibody and immunity. 

Inapparent infection An infection that fails to produce symptoms, either because too few organisms are present or because host defenses effectively combat the pathogens. Known also as subclinical infection. 

Christian, P., Jiang, T., Khatry, S.K., LeClerq, S.C., Shrestha, S.R., and West, K.P., 2006. Antenatal supplementation with micronutrients and biochemical indicators of status and subclinical infection in rural Nepal. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 788-794. 

Exacerbation of the Immune Response to Wear Debris as a Result of Subclinical Infection Comparative Pathophysiologic Changes in Periprosthetic Hip Tissues from Historical and Highly Crosslinked UHMWPE Implant Retrievals Conclusion Acknowledgments References... 

EXACERBATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO WEAR DEBRIS AS A RESULT OF SUBCLINICAL INFECTION... 

Cazzavillan S, Ratanarat R, Segala C, Corradi V, de Cal M, Cruz D, et al. Inflammation and subclinical infection in chronic kidney disease a molecular approach. Blood PKn/2007 25(l) 69-76. 

Pajkos A, Deva AK, Vickery K, Cope C, Chang L, Cossart YE. Detection of subclinical infection in significant breast implant capsules, [see comment]. Blast Reconstr Surg 2003 April lll(5) 1605-11. 

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