Analysis tissues

Fatty acid ester content of bovine bone marrow has been determined (Thompson and Hanahan, 1963) by measurement of the infrared peak at 1739cm in extracts of the marrow with methanol and chloroform. 

Freeman et al. (1953) have compared the spectra of lipoproteins obtained from human serum with similar spectra of such substances as ovalbumin, egg lecithin, vegetable oil, and cholesterol. They reported correlations of the observed spectra with molecules comprising the lipoprotein. The intensity of the ester carbonyl band can be used to estimate lipid content. The band at 1053 cm can be used to determine 

The lipids in various membranes and in mitochondria are discussed in Chapter 19. 

and Bisliop, S. H. Abstracts of the 156th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Sept. 1968, Paper No. 276, 

Barcelo Matutano, J. and Bellanato, J. An. Real Soc. Espah. Fis. Quim (.Madrid). Ser. B. 49, 557 (1953), Barnes, R. B., Gore, R. C, Liddel, U and Williams, V. Z. Infrared Spectroscopy. Industrial Applications and Bibliography. Reinhold, New York, 1944, 

---

Keshavarzian, A., Zapeda, D., List, T. and Mobarhan, S. (1992d). High levels of reactive oxygen metabolites in colon cancer tissues analysis by chemiluminescence probe. Nutr. Cancer 17, 243-249. 

Filipy RE, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, et al. 1996. Comparisons of biokinetic models for actinide elements with observed tissue analysis data from occupationally-exposed humans of two countries. Health Phys 70(6)(Suppl.) S82. 

Qu H, Stuit D, Glover SE, et al. 1998. Preconcentration of plutonium and americium using the actinide-CLf resin for human tissue analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 234(1-2) 175-181. 

Schwartz S, Reyzer M, Caprioli R. Direct tissue analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry practical aspects of sample preparation. /. Mass. Spectrom. 2003 38 699-708. 

Lemaire R, Wisztorski M, Desmons A, et al. MALDI-MS direct tissue analysis of proteins improving signal sensitivity using organic treatments. Anal. Chem. 2006 78 7145-7153. 

Lemaire R,Tabet J, Ducoroy P, et al. Solid ionic matrixes for direct tissue analysis and MALDI imaging. Anal. Chem. 2006 78 809-819. 

Wagner, S.L., L.R. Durand, R.D. Inman, U. Kiigemagi, andM.L. Deinzer. 1991. Residues of pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated contaminants in human tissues analysis by electron capture gas chromatography and electronic capture negative ion mass spectrometry. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 596-606. 

The required data generally are obtained by administering a measured dose of the candidate compound -- often isotopically labelled -- to the rat or mouse either by injection or per os. The animal is housed in a glass metabolism "cage" where it receives food, water, and clean air, and its urine, feces, and respired gases are collected and examined for the parent chemical and its metabolites. Eventual postmortem tissue analysis and calculation of material balance complete the measurements necessary to satisfy the above purposes of metabolism and pharmacokinetic experiments. While in vitro biochemical studies are important adjuncts, it is also apparent that only experiments with intact, healthy, living animals will suffice to meet EPA criteria. 

In the early stages of the disease, fibrotic lesions can be found in the bronchioles and alveolar ducts of the pulmonary tree. If exposure to asbestos is not documented in the patient s life history, laboratory examination (tissue analysis), to demonstrate of the presence of asbestos fibers and ferruginous bodies is necessary. However, the demonstration of these bodies in the ab-... 

For tissue analysis, the sample is extracted with ethyl acetate in the presence of sodium chloride and piperonyl butoxide. After centrifugation, the supernatant is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved with dichloromethane/ hexane (1 1) to be applied onto a Bond-Elut silica cartridge. Following successive cartridge washing with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate/hexane (4 6), chloramphenicol is eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane (7 3) and the eluate is evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 0.05 M Tris/hydrochloric acid buffer pH 10.4, extracted with diethyl ether, and the extract is evaporated to dryness. Tlie... 

In methods of tissue analysis in which ion-pair extraction procedures are not used, long extraction times have been shown to be necessary for extraction... 

Very few methods have appeared in the literature with respect to the extraction, cleanup, and subsequent determination of corticosteroids in food samples (Table 29.17). Milk analysis usually requires a pretreatment step for fat elimination (527). Centrifugation for 20 min at about 7000 g at 4 C is the usually applied procedure for making the fat floating on the top of the sample. Tissue analysis also requires a pretreatment step for matrix break-up that can be accomplished by means of a mincing and/or a homogenizing apparatus. 

Samples for analysis can come from products of vegetable or animal origin (milk, meat), water, air (ashes emitted by an incinerator) or soils in which elements are present over a wide range of concentrations (from manure spreading on agricultural land to industrial sludge). This method also has applications in the area of forensic sciences and clinical medicine (tissue analysis or biological fluids). 

Raman spectroscopy can offer a number of advantages over traditional cell or tissue analysis techniques used in the field of TE (Table 18.1). Commonly used analytical techniques in TE include the determination of a specific enzyme activity (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase), the expression of genes (e.g. real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) or proteins (e.g. immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry) relevant to cell behaviour and tissue formation. These techniques require invasive processing steps (enzyme treatment, chemical fixation and/or the use of colorimetric or fluorescent labels) which consequently render these techniques unsuitable for studying live cell culture systems in vitro. Raman spectroscopy can, however, be performed directly on cells/tissue constructs without labels, contrast agents or other sample preparation techniques. 

MALD1 Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Direct Tissue Analysis of Pharmaceuticals... 

MALDI IMAGING MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR DIRECT TISSUE ANALYSIS... 

---