Plant tissue analysis

Applications of ICP-AES, which is one of the more popular methods at present, to plant analyses are reported in Branch et al. (1991), and Cresser et al. (1991). The practical detection limits of ICP-AES for plant tissue analysis are reported by Thomson and Walsh (1988) and these are compared with the typical concentrations in plants tissues (Bowen, 1966) in Table 9-5. 

Jones JB Jr (1972) Plant tissue analysis for micronutrients. In Mortredt JJ, Giordano PM and Lindsay WL, eds. Proceedings Symposium Micronutrients in Agriculture, pp. 319-341. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. 

Table 2. Partial Chemical Analysis of Healthy Plant Tissue ...

From the practical point of view, the principal variation of environment which is definitely under the control of the cultivator, is, of course, the alteration in the composition of the soil, which is brought about by scientific manuring, llie analysis of fruits and vegetables will give the ordinary agriculturist much information as to the necessary mineral ingredients to be added to the soil but in the case of essential oils, the conditions are entirely different. The various parts of the plant tissue are affected in different ways by the same mineral salts, and successful development of the fruit or any other given part of the plant may have little or no relationship with the quantity or quality of essential oil produced. So that it is only by actual distillations of the plant, or portion of the plant, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the essential oil, that informative results can be obtained. 

Using established extraction and cleanup methods, followed by GC/FPD and GC/thermionic detection, Carey et al. (1979) obtained detection limits in the ppb range and recoveries of 80-110% in soil and 70-100% in plant tissue. Good sensitivity and recovery were maintained in a simplified extraction procedure of sediments followed by GC/FPD analysis (Belisle and Swineford 1988). Bound methyl parathion residues that were not extracted with the usual methods were extracted using supercritical methanol by Capriel et al. (1986). They were able to remove 38% of the methyl parathion residues bound to soil, but 34% remained unextractable, and 28% could not be accounted for. 

The extraction of anthocyanins is the first step in the determination of both total and individual anthocyanins in any type of plant tissue. The choice of an extraction method is of great importance in the analysis of anthocyanins and largely depends on the purpose of the extraction, the nature of the anthocyanins, and the source material. A good extraction procedure should maximize anthocyanin recovery with... 

Classical approaches to plant DNA isolation aim to produce large quantities of highly purified DNA. However, smaller quantities of crudely extracted plant DNA are often acceptable for PCR analysis. Another efficient method for preparation of plant DNA for PCR is a single-step protocol that involves heating a small amount of plant tissue in a simple solution. Several factors influence nucleic acid release from tissue salt, EDTA, pH, incubation time and temperature. These factors must be optimized for different sample substrates. EDTA in the sample solution binds the Mg + cofactor required by the Taq polymerase in the PCR, so the EDTA concentration in the solution, or the Mg + concentration in the PCR, must be carefully optimized. 

An oxalate sensor by immobilizing spinach tissue as the source of oxalate oxidase was developed by Li [50], The sensor responds linearly to oxalate concentration in the range of 1.0-100 pM with a detection limit of 0.6 pM. The sensor was stable for 30 days when stored at 4°C and a complete analysis for the determination of oxalate could be performed in 1 min including sampling and washing. Considering the low cost of the plant tissue and simple procedure for plant tissue immobilization, this report is most valuable. 

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of cDNAs from specific plant tissues has proved to be a valuable tool for the identification of genes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis.36 We have used this approach to identify two distinct sequences predicted to encode OSCs from cDNA libraries from roots of diploid oat (Avena strigosa).35 One of these sequences is highly homologous to cycloartenol... 

An additional step must be taken for samples that are wet, such as a soil sample or plant tissue. The amount of water present in a sample can affect the total reported concentration. Therefore, samples are often analyzed for water content before analysis. In this case, samples are weighed, dried (usually in an oven), and then reweighed. Care must be taken if the analytes are volatile or if the sample may decompose under heating. 

Ou et al. [42] used methanol-ultrasonic extraction followed by clean-up with aluminium oxide, and enrichment with a C-18 SPE column for the determination of LAS in plant tissues by HPLC. Both efficiency and accuracy of the overall method were high, with a mean recovery of 89% (84-93% for LAS concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mg kg-1) and a repeatability of 3% relative standard deviation for six replicate analyses. With a 2 g sample for analysis, LAS levels of 0.5 mg kg-1 in plants could be detected with the proposed method. 

Moritz, T. Olsen, J.E. Comparison Between High-Resolution Selected Ion Monitoring, Selected Reaction Monitoring, and Four-Sector Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Quantitative Analysis of Gib-berellins in Milligram Amounts of Plant Tissue. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 1711-1716. 

Ozone has been shown to initiate many physiological and biochemical changes in sensitive plant species. Decreases in photosynthesis and increases and decreases in respiration have occurred in response to ozonation. The bioenergetic status of mitochondria and chloroplasts is disturbed by ozone. Decreases in oxidative- and photo- phosphorylation have been reported as have increases in adenosine triphosphate and total adenylate content of plant tissue. The variable physiological responses appear to be related to the stage of symptom development at the time of analysis and to the mode of ozone exposure, viz. in vivo and in vitro. 

It is well-known that in plant tissues certain amounts of flavour compounds are bound as non-volatile sugar conjugates. Most of these glycosides are jS-glu-cosides, but there are other glycones like pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides and trisaccharides too [46]. Acylated glycosides and phosphate esters have also been reported [47, 48]. Information about the analysis of glycosides can be found in the work of Herderich et al. [49]. 

An interesting approach was proposed in Lobinski s group for the analysis of non-covalent Ni species in biological samples.49 The Ni species in aqueous plant tissue extracts were quantitative determined by SEC-ICP-MS in combination with ESI-ToFMS/MS after purification of Ni species by hydrophilic interaction HPLC (HILIC).49... 

Under the isocratic chromatographic conditions, authentic salvinorin A (1) eluted in approximately 8.0 8.1 min (Fig. 1 A). The analysis of the plant tissue extracts described below allowed rapid elution of polar components, baseline resolution of the analyte of interest, and a short analysis time (for examples, see Fig. 1). 

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