Analysis of Tissues

Samples Equipment Elements Limit of detection (LOD) Results Ref. 

Rat brain (1 8 brain regions of 36 normal Wistar) ICP-QMS (SPQ-9000) (after digestion of 2-1 5 mg sample) Mn, Cu, Zn, Ee 

Rat brain tissue (small size tumor tissue) LA-ICP-MS (Element) Cu, Zn, P, S 

Wistar rats liver (1 week to 1 2 months old) ICP-QMS (HP4500) (after digestion of 0.2 mg sample in HNO3 - HP mixture) Multi-element analysis 

Bird eggs, faeces, blood, liver, kidney LA-ICP-QMS (Elan 6000) Pt, Pd, Rh (PCE) 

Selected applications for investigations of human tissues and body fluids by ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS 

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More recent analysis of tissue specific gene deletions showed that the Cav1.2 channel is involved in a wide variety of function including hippocampal learning, insulin secretion, intestine and bladder motility. Further analysis will be required to unravel the functional significance of voltage-dependent calcium channels for specific cellular functions. 

FIGURE 24.3 Distribution of CBP. (a) Analysis of tissue distribution by Western blotting, (b) Immunohistochemistry of the midgut epithelium. CBP was not detected in the goblet cells (G) of the midgut epithelium, which are thought to be involved in ion transport. 

Hanash SM. Operomics Molecular analysis of tissues from DNA to RNA to protein. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000 38 805-813. 

Ernst G, Melle C, Schimmel B, et al. Proteohistography—direct analysis of tissue with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution using ProteinChip technology. /. Histochem. Cytochem. 2006 54 13-17. 

MS imaging is extensively used for biological applications, in analysis of tissues and small organisms, but its applications are in principle unlimited. Hence, it should be possible for applications in cultural heritage to become available soon. 

Datar, R.V. Cartwright, T., and Rosen, C.G. 1993. Process economics of animal cell and bacterial fermentations a case study analysis of tissue plasminogen activator. Bio/Technology 11, 340-357. 

Urinary proteins were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and a 70-kDa protein was identified as the major component of cat urine (Fig. 4.1 A). Comparative analysis of urinary proteins in several other mammals such as humans, mice, dogs, and cattle did not detect a 70-kDa protein. Therefore, the 70-kDa protein was purified from cat urine and characterized by biochemical methods (Miyazaki, Kamiie, Soeta, Taira and Yamashita 2003). Analysis of tissue distribution indicated that the 70-kDa protein is expressed in the kidney in a tissue-specific manner and secreted from the proximal straight tubular cells of the kidney into the urine (Fig. 4.IB). A full-length cDNA for a 70-kDa protein was cloned from a cat kidney cDNA library. The cDNA clone encoded a polypeptide of 545 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shared 47% identity with cat carboxylesterase (CES, EC 3.1.1.1), and contained both the CES family protein motif (EDCLY) and a conserved active site motif (GESAG) associated with... 

Infrared Absorption Analysis of Tissue Constituents, particularly Tissue Lipids (Schwarz), 3, 1 Iron, Plasma (Ramsay), 1, 2... 

Eberwine J, Kacharmina JE, Andrews C, Miyashiro K, McIntosh T, et al. 2001. mRNA Expression analysis of tissue sections and single cells. J Neurosci 21 8310. 

Infrared Absorption Analysis of Tissue Constituents, Particularly Tissue Lipids... 

One interesting case of the use of PCR involved analysis of tissue preserved from the eyes of John Dalton. Dalton, who died in 1844, requested that an autopsy be conducted after his death to determine the reason for his color blindness. The modern analysis amplified DNA from Dalton s eye tissue and discovered he lacked a gene necessary for detecting the color green. This explains why Dalton suffered red-green color blindness and could not differentiate between these two colors. 

Analysis of tissues such as nails, hair, and bone, where chemicals are deposited but not readily released (Figure 3.1), is useful to determine whether an individual had ever been exposed to a particular chemical, but is of less value in determining recent exposure and causation. 

A. W. Nicholls and R. J. Mortishire-Smith, Temperature calibration of a high-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR probe for analysis of tissue samples, Magn. Reson. Chem., 2001, 39, 773-776. 

Kain, S. R. Mai, K. Sinai, P. Human multiple tissue western blots a new immunological tool for the analysis of tissue-specific protein expression. Biotechniques 1994, 17(5), 982-987. 

An emerging field in bioanalytics is the direct analysis of tissues to study the lateral distribution of elements, element species or biomolecules. Over the past few years, the development... 

The toxic effects of levamisole, for which no safety threshold can be set, to induce idiosyncratic organulocytosis in some individuals have caused concern. The identified metabolites of levamisole are, however, much less toxic than the parent compound. Hence, the parent compound is sought in analysis of tissue samples. 

Abstract Raman spectroscopy can potentially offer a non-invasive, information rich biochemical snap-shot of living human cells, tissues or material-cell tissue constructs rapidly (seconds-minutes), without the need of labels or contrast enhancers. This chapter details the exciting potential and challenges associated with the use of this analytical technique in tissue engineering (TE). The use of Raman spectroscopy in three intricately linked areas of TE will be considered (1) the characterisation of the various scaffolds and smart materials, (2) the biochemical analysis of cellular behaviour important in TE (e.g. differentiation) and (3) the use of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of tissue/extra-cellular matrix (ECM) formation in vitro or possibly in vivo. 

Chaiken J, Peterson CM. Tissue modulation process for quantitative noninvasive in vivo spectroscopic analysis of tissues. U.S. Patent 5,880,834, 2001. 

Peters, T.J. (1983) Subcellular fractionation and enzymatic analysis of tissue biopsy specimens. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (ed. Bergmeyer, H.U.), 3rd edn. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. 

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