Living cell studies

Darzynkiewicz, Z., Traganos, F., Staiano-Coico, L., Kapuscinski, J., and Melamed, M.R. (1982) Interactions of rhodamine 123 with living cells studied by flow cytometry. Cancer Res. 42, 799-806. 

Presently inexplicable anaphase motions certainly occur. Outstanding examples are the spermatocyte divisions in sciarid flies (reviewed by Metz, 1938) and the beetle Micromalthus (Scott, 1936). Regrettably, neither fine structure nor living cell studies have yet been done on such materials. Therefore, we do not even know exactly how mitosis here differs from better characterized forms. 

A specialized fountain detection chamber equipped with an epifluorescence microscope was developed for live-cell studies of derivatized rat insulinoma cells. A coverslip coated with the cellular material was positioned in the chamber and SIA was... 

Beaulieu 1, Kuss S, Mauzcaoll J, Geissler M (2011) Biological scanning electrochemical microscopy and its apphcation to live cell studies. Anal Chem 83(5) 1485-1492... 

The study of enzymes is important because every syndietic and degradation reaction in all living cells is controlled and catalyzed by specific enzymes. Many of these reactions are the soluble enzyme-soluble substrate type and are homogeneous in the liquid phase. 

The predominant activity in the study of enzymes has been in relation to biological reactions. This is because specific enzymes have bodi controlled and catalyzed syndietic and degradation reactions in all living cells. Many of diese reactions are homogeneous in the liquid phase (i.e., type 3 reactions). 

The first step in this study has involved experiments which synthesize alkaloids in vitro under quasi-cellular conditions, using reactions which can proceed in the living cell and compounds which actually occur in the cell or which are supposed to be intermediates in the plant metabolism. Such synthesesaredesignatedassyntheses under physiological conditions. ... 

A characteristic of all the above reactions is that the yield of the aldoliza-tion product depends on the pH of the reaction mixture (324), the maximum yield usually occurring near pH 7. Such reactions have been carried out in vitro in dilute aqueous buffer under so-called physiological conditions, i.e., conditions attainable in the living cell. Although this oversimplified technique for the study of alkaloid biogenesis is now being abandoned in favor of experiments in vivo with labeled precursors, such reactions are still of interest to organic chemists. 

Why Do We Need to Know This Material The dynamic equilibrium toward which every chemical reaction tends is such an important aspect of the study of chemistry that four chapters of this book deal with it. We need to know the composition of a reaction mixture at equilibrium because it tells us how much product we can expect. To control the yield of a reaction, we need to understand the thermodynamic basis of equilibrium and how the position of equilibrium is affected by conditions such as temperature and pressure. The response of equilibria to changes in conditions has considerable economic and biological significance the regulation of chemical equilibrium affects the yields of products in industrial processes, and living cells struggle to avoid sinking into equilibrium. 

Biochemistry is the science concerned with studying the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reactions. Because life depends on biochemical reactions, biochemistry has become the basic language of all biologic sciences. 

This will extend, and partially replace, the traditional approach to biomedical research that is based on studying living cells or tissues in vitro, or on obtaining data from human volunteers in vivo, by introducing in silico experiments (a term, derived from the currently prevaihng sihcon-based computer chips). 

Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Study on Living Cells with Particular Regard to Electric Field Effects and pH Dependence 607... 

The DEP of numerous particle types has been studied, and many applications have been developed. Particles studied have included aerosols, glass, minerals, polymer molecules, living cells, and cell organelles. Applications developed include filtration, orientation, sorting or separation, characterization, and levitation and materials handling. Effects of DEP are easily exhibited, especially by large particles, and can be applied in many useful and desirable ways. DEP effects can, however, be observed on particles ranging in size even down to the molecular level in speciJ cases. Since thermal effects tend to disrupt DEP with molecular-sized particles, they can be controlled only under special conditions such as in molecular beams. 

Cancer is the major latent harmful effect produced by ionizing radiation and the one that most people exposed to radiation are concerned about. The ability of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation to produce cancer in virtually every tissue and organ in laboratory animals has been well-demonstrated. The development of cancer is not an immediate effect. In humans, radiation-induced leukemia has the shortest latent period at 2 years, while other radiation induced cancers have latent periods >20 years. The mechanism by which cancer is induced in living cells is complex and is a topic of intense study. Exposure to ionizing radiation can produce cancer at any site within the body however, some sites appear to be more common than others, such as the breast, lung, stomach, and thyroid. 

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