Mussel tissue analysis

Wise SA, Benner BA Jr, Christensen RG, Roster BJ, Kurz J, Schantz MM, and Zeisler R (1991) Preparation and analysis of a frozen mussel tissue reference material for the determination of trace organic constituents. Environ Sci Tech 25 1695-1704. 

Pentachlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorinated biphenyls are the major PCB groups typically found in P. viridis. PCBs are sold commercially as technical mixtures, called Aroclors, each with a specific pattern of chlorination. Patterns have been determined for Aroclor mixtures 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260 and 1262 (Frame et al., 1996). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to compare the relative PCB congener profile of mussel tissues analysed in 2002 and the commercial Aroclor mixtures (Fig. 15.14). The closest match in the PCB data for P. viridis samples collected in Singapore from our study is the common Aroclor 1254. The slight discrepancy is due to the presence of PCB-149 in mussel tissue and a greater prominence of PCB-110 and -118 in Aroclor 1254. PCA analysis revealed that samples from the west Straits of Johore (Wl, W2 and W3) contain more penta-CBs and less hexa-CBs than samples from the east Straits (E6, E7 and E8). The sample collected in the south of Singapore (S4) has an intermediary pattern of PCB contamination. A similar match has been observed in marine crabs and fishes... 

All reagents were of analytical grade unless otherwise mentioned. CRMs (marine sediment and mussel tissue), supplied by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan were used. Results obtained in the analysis of these CRMs are shown in Table 6.3. The results obtained were compared through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). 

A number of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) with certified PCB congener concentrations are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) these include SRM 1588, PCBs in Cod Liver Oil SRM 1939, PCBs in River Sediment SRM 1941, PCBs in Marine Sediment and SRM 1974, PCBs in Mussel Tissue (Schantz et al. 1993a, 1993b). These SRMs are usefial in validating the accuracy of methods for the determination of PCBs, and for verifying that the method remains within acceptable levels of error in during analysis. A summary of available SRMs with certified PCB concentrations is shown in Table 7-4. SRMs with non-certified concentration data for PCBs are included in the table as well. 

Specific chapters then focus on different projects on speciation analysis. Chapter 4 deals with interlaboratory studies on methylmercury in fish and sediment Chapter 5 describes the collaborative projects to certify organotins in sediment RMs and mussel tissues Chapter 6 gives an overview of the certification project on trimethyllead in simulated rainwater and urban dust Chapter 7 describes the certification project on arsenic species in fish tissues Chapter 8 focuses on the intercomparison and tentative certification of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in simulated freshwater Chapter 9 deals with a feasibility study to stabilize Cr species in solution followed by the certification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in lyophilized solutions and welding dust Chapter 10 gives a review of methods used for A1 speciation Chapter 11 develops the overall collaborative project to standardize single and sequential extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis, followed by interlaboratory studies and certification of soil and sediment reference materials. 

Meriluoto, J., and Spoof, L., Analysis of microcystins by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. In TOXIC Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis. Meriluoto, J. and Codd, G.A. (Eds.), Turku Abo Akademi University Press, Finland, 2005, p. 77. Pleasance, S., Quilliam, M.A. and Marr, J.C. lonspray mass spectrometry of marine toxins. IV. Determination of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in mussel tissue by LC-MS. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 6, 121, 1992. 

Hess, E, Nguyen, L., Aasen, I, Keogh, M., Kilcoyne, J, McCarron, P., and Aune, T. 2005. Tissue distribution, elFects of cooking and parameters affecting the extraction of azaspiracids from mussels, Mytilus edulis, prior to analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Toxicon 46, 62—71. 

Anion exchange chromatography coupled with ICP MS was used in the simultaneous speciation analysis of As, Se, Sb and Te compounds in extracts of fish [230]. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with specific detectors is frequently used to analyse species of trace elements in protein-rich materials, such as extracts of meat and plant tissues. For instance, SEC hyphenated with ICP MS was used for the speciation analysis of Cu and Zn in samples of leguminous plants [191]. The same technique was applied to the speciation analysis of Cu, Cd, Zn, Se, As and Ca in fish [220] and Fe, Zn, Cu, Ag, Cd, Sn and Pb in mussels [189]. SEC HPLC coupled with GF AAS mmed out to be very useful for determining levels of Fe species in baby food [312]. With gel permeation chromatography (GPC) GF AAS, the speciation forms of Cd were determined in two kinds of vegetables contaminated with this element [216]. 

In summary of data on tissue contamination in mussels and oysters from the first 3 years (1986-1988) ofthe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Mussel Watch Project, which involved the analysis of samples from 177 coastal and estuarine U.S. sites, overall mean concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs ranged from not detected (detection limits... 

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