Tissue analysis medical tissues

When your blood is drawn, for example, the doctors use techniques borrowed from analytical chemistry to determine levels of several analytes in your body, including cholesterol, vitamins, glucose, and white blood cells. Analysis of tissue samples and other biological fluids is also based on analytical techniques. Other examples of medically related applications include tests for illegal drugs and steroids, glucose sensors used by diabetic patients, or to check for toxic substances in your body if you are exposed to hazardous chemicals. 

Nonpulsatile optical spectroscopy has been used for more than half a century for noninvasive medical assessment, such as in the use of multiwavelength tissue analysis for oximetry and skin reflectance measurement for bilirubin assessment in jaundiced neonates. These early applications have found some limited use, but with modest impact. Recent investigations into new nonpulsatile spectroscopy methods for assessment of deep-tissue oxygenation (e.g., cerebral oxygen monitoring), for evaluation of respiratory status at the cellular level, and for the detection of other critical analytes, such as glucose, may yet prove more fruitful. The former applications have led to spectroscopic studies of cytochromes in tissues, and the latter has led to considerable work into new approaches in near-infrared analysis of intact tissues. 

In vivo fiber-based spectroscopic analysis of tissues has been shown to offer a valuable tool to orient and facilitate medical diagnostics [169,170]. Hocde et al. used FEWS to identify metabolic alterations in laboratory animals [136]. For this the authors compared the spectral trace of biological fluid serums extracted from the blood samples of healthy and obese mice. FEWS has been successfully used to control in real time the glucose levels of human patients after they received intravenous glucose injections [171]. Noninvasive measurements were performed through the mucous membrane of the lips of a patient, a promising result for diabetes control. Similar FEWS in vivo measurements have been carried out on anesthetized live animals for premature tumor detection [167]. 

Microwaves have successfully been used for rewarming of blood for medical appHcations (157). Another successful appHcation, not commetciali2ed as of this writing, is the use of microwave heating for rapid tissue fixation (158,159). This procedure appears to reduce the time for tissue sample analysis... 

This presentation addresses tissue engineering and how it relates to biomaterials and medical devices. Consideration is given to risk analysis and risk management in tissue engineering, and current proposals are discussed for an approach to the regulation of tissue engineering products and regulatory processes in the European Union. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION UK WESTERN EUROPE... 

A withdrawal time is the time from the last availability of a medicated feed to an animal until its slaughter. This time is set so that the level of residues drops below the lower level of detectability of the antibiotic and is based on a tissue residue study in which animals are dosed with the highest level of drug in the feed for the longest time permitted. The method of analysis must be sufficiently sensitive to detect fractions of a microgram per gram in tissue. 

Forensic toxicologists are generally employed by federal, state, and local government crime laboratories, which may be affiliated with the medical examiner s office from which they receive fluids and tissues for analysis. They often work on criminal cases and usually testify for the office of the district attorney, the prosecutor. Forensic toxicologists may also be involved in drug testing in... 

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