Sulfate turpentine oil

Production. Anethole is isolated from anethole-rich essential oils as well as from sulfate turpentine oils. 

A fraction of American sulfate turpentine oil (0.5% of the total) consists mainly of an azeotropic mixture of anethole and caryophyllene. trans-Anethole can be isolated from this mixture by crystallization. 

Balsam turpentine oil is obtained from the resins of living trees of suitable Pinus species by distillation at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 180°C, or by other fractionation methods, which do not change the terpene composition of the resins. Wood turpentine oils, on the other hand, are generally obtained by steam distillation of chopped tree trunks, dead wood, or of resin extracted from this wood. Sulfate turpentine oil is produced as waste in the manufacture of cellulose by the sulfate process and is also a wood turpentine. Pine oil is another wood turpentine oil that is obtained by dry distillation of suitable pine and fir trees, followed by fractionation. However, the term pine oil is nowadays used for a product which is manufactured by hydration of turpentine oil (a-pinene). The resulting product is a mixture of monoterpenes containing o-terpineol as the main component. In addition to many other technical purposes, it is used to a large extent in cheap perfumes for technical applications. 

Worldwide production of turpentine oils was ca. 280000t in 1990, of which approximately one third was produced in the United States and Canada as sulfate turpentine oil. Other major producers are Russia, China, and Scandinavia. 

Sodium Hypochlorite - 85-115 29-46 - E - plus 6 percent Cl , 45 percent H SOg and sulfate turpentine oil... 

Terpenes, specifically monoterpenes, are naturally occurring monomers that are usually obtained as by-products of the paper and citms industries. Monoterpenes that are typically employed in hydrocarbon resins are shown in Figure 2. Optically active tf-limonene is obtained from various natural oils, particularly citms oils (81). a and P-pinenes are obtained from sulfate turpentine produced in the kraft (sulfate) pulping process. Southeastern U.S. sulfate turpentine contains approximately 60—70 wt % a-pinene and 20—25 wt % P-pinene (see Terpenoids). Dipentene, which is a complex mixture of if,/-Hmonene, a- and P-pheUandrene, a- and y-terpinene, and terpinolene, is also obtained from the processing of sulfate Hquor (82). 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

H)- and (+)-1imonenes are widely used ia the manufacture of terpene resias. Additionally, a (-)-limonene and (+)- P-pheUandrene mixture from sulfate turpentine has been used to produce terpene resias. (+)-Limoaeae from the citms iadustry coatiauaHy fiads aew uses as a solveat aot only for its solvency properties but also for its orange oil fragrance. 

Synthetic piae oil is produced by the acid-cataly2ed hydration of mainly a-piaene derived from sulfate turpentine, followed by distillation of the cmde mixture of hydrocarbons and alcohols. The predominant alcohol obtained is a-terpiueol, although under the usual conditions of the reaction, reversible and dehydration reactions lead to multiple hydrocarbon and alcohol components (Fig. 1). 

Fractional distillation of crude pine oil, 24 510 of crude sulfate turpentine, 24 476 Fractional extraction, 10 745, 759-760 Fractional factorial designs, 8 396 amount of coverage in experimental design texts compared, 8 395t commercial experimental design software compared, 8 398t Fractional velocity plots, 10 319-321 Fractionating towers, in plant layout,... 

Two other important side products of the kraft process are sulfate turpentine and tall oil. The turpentine is obtained from the gases formed in the digestion process. From 2-10 gal of turpentine can be obtained per ton of pulp. Tall oil soap is a black viscous liquid of rosin and fatty acids that can be separated from the black liquor by centrifuging. Acidification gives tall oil. These side products will be discussed later. 

Pine Oil Manufacture. Synthetic pine oil manufacture is one of the principal uses of turpentine. U.S. production of synthetic pine oil in 1993 was 17,2441 at an average selling price of 1.10/kg (67). The amount of natural and sulfate pine oil was reported to be 17541. The world production of synthetic pine oil is estimated to be about twice the U.S. production figure. Natural pine oil is a product derived from the extraction of aged pine stumps, and sulfate pine oil is a product separated from crude sulfate turpentine in about 5% yield. The sulfate pine oil retains the sulfur odor of the sulfate turpentine, and its use is therefore limited to ore flotation and solvent applications. 

The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Turpentine is produced from various species of pines and balsamiferous woods, and several different methods are applied to obtain the oils leading to different types of turpentine, such as (1) dry-distilled wood turpentine from dry distillation of chopped woods and roots of pine trees, (2) steam-distilled wood turpentine that is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood, and (3) sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of cellulose sulfate. 

Synonyms Gum spirits Turps Gum thus D.D. turpentine Wood turpentine Oil of turpentine Rectified turpentine oil Spirits of turpentine Sulfate wood turpentine Sulfate turpentine Gum turpentine Steam-distilled turpentine Turpentine oil G 4134... 

Haneke KE and Masten S (2002) Turpentine (Turpentine Oil, Wood Turpentine, Sulfate Turpentine, Sulfite Turpentine) (8006-64-2) Review of Toxicological Literature. Research Triangle Park, NC National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 

When softwood (pine, fir, spruce) is converted into pulp in the Krafft paper process, the water-insoluble liquids which were present in it are freed and can be removed by physical separation from the process water. This material is known as crude sulfate turpentine (CST). Fractional distillation of CST gives a number of products, as shown in Table 4.2. The residue is known as tall oil and contains diterpenes. 

Turpentine isolated from the Krafft process is referred to as sulfate turpentine, and that obtained by tapping living trees is known as gum turpentine. Turpentine is the monoterpene fraction of pine oil and contains mostly a- and jS-pinene, present in a ratio of about 7 3 (a jS), the exact ratio depending on the species of tree involved. Pure a- and f-... 

The rapid growth of sulfate pulping in the South in the 1940s and 1950s led to the birth of the third type of naval stores in this country, the tall oil naval stores. In the tall oil naval store operation, the oleoresinous materials in the trees are recovered in the pulping process in the forms of sulfate turpentine and crude tall oil. The crude tall oil, comprising rosin and fatty acid, can... 

Turpentine. The major uses of turpentine in 1979 were pine oil, 48% resins, 16% insecticides, 16% other, 11% and fragrances, 9%. Statistics on consumption are no longer published. Since 1979, the use for chlorinated insecticides has decreased markedly because of environmental restrictions. As a result of this and generally poor business conditions in 1981 and 1982, significant quantities of sulfate turpentine have been used as fuel. 

Citrus stripper oil EINECS 266-034-5 Sulfate turpentine, distilled Terpenes and Terpenoids, limonene fraction. 

Caswell No. 900 EINECS 232-350-7 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 084501 FEMA No. 3089 Gum spirits of turpentine Gum turpentine HSDB 204 Oil of turpentine, rectified Oil of turpentine Oil of turpentine, distillation residue Purified gum spirits Purified turpentine Rectified turpentine Spirit of turpentine Spirits of turpentine Sulfate turpentine Terebenthine Terpentin oel Terpentine Turpentine Turpentine oil, rectified Turpentine spirits Turpentine, steam-distiiled (Pinus spp.) Turpentine steam distilled Turpentine substitute [Flammable liquid] Turpentine [Flammable liquid) UN1299 UN1300 Wood turpentine. FDA approved for inhalants, BP compliance. Used as a solvent, rubifacient, diuretic, used in inhalants, liniments and in preparations for respiratory tract disorders. Colorless liquid insoluble in H2O d = 0.860 - 0.875. TLV = 100 ppm in air. Spectrum Chem. Manufacturing. 

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