Sulfate wood turpentine

Synonyms Gum spirits Turps Gum thus D.D. turpentine Wood turpentine Oil of turpentine Rectified turpentine oil Spirits of turpentine Sulfate wood turpentine Sulfate turpentine Gum turpentine Steam-distilled turpentine Turpentine oil G 4134... 

P-pinene. (nopinene). C10H16. A terpene hydrocarbon derived from sulfate wood turpentine. 

SYNONYMS gumspirits, gum turpentine, spirits of turpentine, steam distilled turpentine, sulfate wood turpentine, turps, wood turpentine. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Gumspirits, Gum turpentine, Spirits of turpentine, Steam distilled turpentine, Sulfate wood turpentine, Turps, Wood turpentine ... 

Pinene pl- nen [ISV, fr. L pinus] (1885) n. CioHi6. a bicyclic terpene hydrocarbon, the principal constituent of all turpentines, and existing therein in two isomeric forms, alpha- and beta-piene. The latter is found in appreciable quantity only in gum spirits and sulfate wood turpentine. Pinene not otherwise described usually means alpha-pinene. Alpha-pinene Bp, 155°C Sp gr, 0.858 per 20°C refractive index, 1.466. Beta-piene Bp, 163°C Sp gr, 0.869 per 20°C refractive index, 1,476 See image). 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

Balsam turpentine oil is obtained from the resins of living trees of suitable Pinus species by distillation at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 180°C, or by other fractionation methods, which do not change the terpene composition of the resins. Wood turpentine oils, on the other hand, are generally obtained by steam distillation of chopped tree trunks, dead wood, or of resin extracted from this wood. Sulfate turpentine oil is produced as waste in the manufacture of cellulose by the sulfate process and is also a wood turpentine. Pine oil is another wood turpentine oil that is obtained by dry distillation of suitable pine and fir trees, followed by fractionation. However, the term pine oil is nowadays used for a product which is manufactured by hydration of turpentine oil (a-pinene). The resulting product is a mixture of monoterpenes containing o-terpineol as the main component. In addition to many other technical purposes, it is used to a large extent in cheap perfumes for technical applications. 

The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Turpentine is produced from various species of pines and balsamiferous woods, and several different methods are applied to obtain the oils leading to different types of turpentine, such as (1) dry-distilled wood turpentine from dry distillation of chopped woods and roots of pine trees, (2) steam-distilled wood turpentine that is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood, and (3) sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of cellulose sulfate. 

Gum and sulfate turpentines have similar compositions. Gum turpentine contains 60-65 percent a-pinene, 25-35 percent /3-pinene, and 5-8 percent other terpenes, compared with 60-70 percent a-pinene, 20-25 percent /3-pinene, and 6-12 percent other terpenes for sulfate turpentine. Wood turpentine, which has 75-80 percent a-pinene, has no or very little /3-pinene (0-2%), and also contains 4-8 percent camphene and 15-20 percent other terpenes. 

Haneke KE and Masten S (2002) Turpentine (Turpentine Oil, Wood Turpentine, Sulfate Turpentine, Sulfite Turpentine) (8006-64-2) Review of Toxicological Literature. Research Triangle Park, NC National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 

Caswell No. 900 EINECS 232-350-7 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 084501 FEMA No. 3089 Gum spirits of turpentine Gum turpentine HSDB 204 Oil of turpentine, rectified Oil of turpentine Oil of turpentine, distillation residue Purified gum spirits Purified turpentine Rectified turpentine Spirit of turpentine Spirits of turpentine Sulfate turpentine Terebenthine Terpentin oel Terpentine Turpentine Turpentine oil, rectified Turpentine spirits Turpentine, steam-distiiled (Pinus spp.) Turpentine steam distilled Turpentine substitute [Flammable liquid] Turpentine [Flammable liquid) UN1299 UN1300 Wood turpentine. FDA approved for inhalants, BP compliance. Used as a solvent, rubifacient, diuretic, used in inhalants, liniments and in preparations for respiratory tract disorders. Colorless liquid insoluble in H2O d = 0.860 - 0.875. TLV = 100 ppm in air. Spectrum Chem. Manufacturing. 

Chemical Designations — Synonyms D.D. turpentine. Gum turpentine. Spirits of turpentine. Sulfate turpentine. Turps, Wood turpentine Chemical Formula C,oH,6. Observable Characteristics — Physical State (as normally shipped) Liquid Color Colorless Odor Aromatic, rather unpleasant, penetrating. Physical and Chemical Properties — Physical State at 15 C and 1 atm Liquid Molecular... 

Production of Hydrocarbons from Turpentine. In 1993, U.S. production of cmde turpentine was over 128 million liters at an average price of 0.21 /kg and includes cmde sulfate turpentine and turpentine from thermomechanical processes (5). In the same year, over 5.9 million Hters of gum, wood, or sulfate turpentine was imported into the United States, with the majority coming from Canada exports from the United States amounted to 6.16 million liters. 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores iadustry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this iadustry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulpiag Hquors from kraft pulpiag of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, nearly 128,000 metric tons of tall oil fatty acids annually (78). 

Sulfate turpentine is obtained as a byproduct during the kraft pulping of pine woods. Vapors periodically released from the top of the digesters are condensed, and the oily turpentine... 

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