Crude sulfate turpentine

Fractional distillation of crude pine oil, 24 510 of crude sulfate turpentine, 24 476 Fractional extraction, 10 745, 759-760 Fractional factorial designs, 8 396 amount of coverage in experimental design texts compared, 8 395t commercial experimental design software compared, 8 398t Fractional velocity plots, 10 319-321 Fractionating towers, in plant layout,... 

The two pinenes are obtained from Crude Sulfate Turpentine (CST), which is a side product of the sulfate cellulose process from pine trees. Limonene is present in orange and lemon peels [which provide different enantiomers/ )], and is a cheap by-product of the citrus industry. 

Pine Oil Manufacture. Synthetic pine oil manufacture is one of the principal uses of turpentine. U.S. production of synthetic pine oil in 1993 was 17,2441 at an average selling price of 1.10/kg (67). The amount of natural and sulfate pine oil was reported to be 17541. The world production of synthetic pine oil is estimated to be about twice the U.S. production figure. Natural pine oil is a product derived from the extraction of aged pine stumps, and sulfate pine oil is a product separated from crude sulfate turpentine in about 5% yield. The sulfate pine oil retains the sulfur odor of the sulfate turpentine, and its use is therefore limited to ore flotation and solvent applications. 

There were good intentions when a small chemical terminal in Savannah, Georgia, that supplied the paper and pulp industry decided to change their product mix. Their terminal was to be converted from handling all nonflammable chemicals to storing large quantities of flammable crude sulfate turpentine (CST). Crude sulfate turpentine is an impure form of turpentine produced as a byproduct of the Kraft pulping process. It is classified as a Class IC flammable liquid. 

Just before midnight on Sunday, April 10, 1995, fire erupted at the chain link and concertina wire-fenced terminal. The terminal was unmanned at 11 30 p.m. when the fire started. Several witnesses observed a flash, followed by an explosion and fireball. Other explosions and fireballs followed as the second and third tank containing crude sulfate turpentine exploded and burned. The firefighters had difficulty entering the area due to the intensity of the fire. [11]... 

For the first years of operation there were no flammables in the area. However, the company changed its strategy and started storing Class IC flammable liquids (crude sulfate turpentine) several months before the fire. Specific safety systems were requested by the permitting agencies. These safety requests were accepted by the owners. However, several safety systems were incompletely installed or not installed by the time of the incident. 

Foul-smelling fumes from the crude sulfate turpentine escaped the tanks both during tank fillings and during the daytime, when the sun increased the tank temperature. Malodorous tank vapors were routine. Company personnel planned to solve the problem by routing these offensive fumes to drums with activated carbon. [11,12]... 

Before the storage of the flammable liquid (crude sulfate turpentine, CST), there were no flammable materials in the terminals enclosure. Local fire protection agencies specified a fixed foam-piping, fire-suppressing system as a condition to store flammable liquids. The terminal s management agreed to the terms of the protection package. 

When softwood (pine, fir, spruce) is converted into pulp in the Krafft paper process, the water-insoluble liquids which were present in it are freed and can be removed by physical separation from the process water. This material is known as crude sulfate turpentine (CST). Fractional distillation of CST gives a number of products, as shown in Table 4.2. The residue is known as tall oil and contains diterpenes. 

For thousands of years, turpentine has been obtained from conifers by a process known as tapping. A cut is made in the bark which prompts the tree to exude an oil which can be drained off into vessels attached to the tree. Turpentine thus obtained is referred to as gum turpentine. Nowadays, another form of turpentine is available in large quantities as a by-product of paper manufacture. When softwood (pine, fir, spruce) is converted into pulp in the Kraft paper process, the water insoluble liquids which were present in it are freed and can be removed by physical separation from the process water. This material is known as crude sulfate turpentine (CST). Fractional distillation of CST gives a number of products as shown in Table 9.2. (Dipentene is the name given to racemic limonene.) The residue from the distillation is known as tall oil and contains diterpenes such as abietic acid. 

ACINTENE DP is a Clear, yellowish Dquid with a lemon-pine-Hre odor, it is obtained by several Iraclional distillations of crude sulfate turpentine. ACINTENE DP is not a co-product ol any process and is sometimes referred toasa nalurar dipenlene. ACINTENE DP is ihtedble in alcohols and insoluble in water. 

To illustrate another component of the forest products industry it may be instructive to take a brief look at the pine chemicals industry. The pine chemicals industry is not a new industry, but it is a very small portion of what is now known as the specialty chemicals industry, despite the fact that pine chemicals have been in active use for longer than the modern chemical industry era that arose in the early part of the 20th century. The pine chemicals industry has been extracting useful products such as turpentine and other simple materials for literally hundreds of years. With the rise of the pulp and paper industry, chemicals have in the majority been extracted from two waste streams crude tall oil and crude sulfate turpentine. Crude tall oil can be further separated into a fatty acid fraction, a tall oil fraction, a tail oil rosin fraction, and a tall oil pitch fraction. The crude sulfate fraction is separated into a variety of terpene monomers that can be further transformed into a variety of terpene resins. AH of these streams can be used as raw materials for coatings, various oil applications, surfactants, adhesives, inks, etc. [50]. 

Turpentine is obtained by tapping of pine trees and this product is known as gum turpentine. However, a much larger commercial source is the so-called crude sulfate turpentine, which is obtained as a by-product of the Kraft paper process. The major components of turpentine are the two pinenes with a-pinene (65) predominating. Turpentine also serves as a source of/ -cymene (83) and, as mentioned earlier, the shikimate anethole (53) (Zinkel and Russell, 1989). 

The previous sections of this chapter have considered the utilization of turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products of the naval stores industry. In the course of processing the raw materials (crude tall oil and crude sulfate turpentine, and stumpwood extractives), by-products are obtained in addition to turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products. 

Fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine (CST) gives a lights fraction (1-2%), which contains inter alia some lower boiling sulfm compounds, such as methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide. This is followed by the a-pinene fraction (60-70%), and then the 3-pinene (20-25%). The next fraction is referred to as dipentene (3-10%) and contains racemic limonene together with... 

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