Growth rapid

In the first edition of this book I wrote, A major use of the Internet is for electronic mail, but extremely rapid growth is being observed in other areas, particularly the "World-Wide Web" (WWW).... Such a phrase seems an understatement despite the hype, the Internet has certainly made a dramatic impact, not least on the scientific community, where its... 

After 10 years of unabated rapid growth in the plenum wire and cable market, fluoropolymers including PVDE, primarily the flexible VDE/HEP copolymer, are beginning to lose market share to lower priced PVC-akoys. The loss of market share in the plenum market probably wkl be compensated by growth of PVDE in other fields thus during the mid-1990s the total volume of PVDE may not grow (188). 

Urea Process. In a further modification of the fundamental Raschig process, urea (qv) can be used in place of ammonia as the nitrogen source (114—116). This process has been operated commercially. Its principal advantage is low investment because the equipment is relatively simple. For low production levels, this process could be the most economical one. With the rapid growth in hydrazine production and increasing plant size, the urea process has lost importance, although it is reportedly being used, for example, in the People s RepubHc of China (PRC). 

In 1979, there were 168 blast furnaces in the United States, most located in Pittsburgh and Chicago, and these produced ca 8 x 10 t of pig iron. By 1992, most of the blast furnaces in the Pittsburgh area had disappeared. Only 44 blast furnaces were operating in the United States, producing ca 4.7 x lO t of pig iron. The drop in pig iron production can be attributed to decreased and more efficient use of steel products, competition from steel imports, and rapid growth of scrap-based steelmaking. 

North America.. In the United States, lignite deposits are located in the northern Great Plains and in the Gulf states. Subbituminous coal is found along the Rocky Mountains. The western half of North Dakota has about 74% of the nation s resources, Montana 23%, Texas 2%, and Alabama and South Dakota about 0.5% each. The lignite resources to 914 m represent 28% of the total toimage of all coal deposits in the United States. The lower cost and low sulfur content have contributed to rapid growth in production. 

Economic Aspects. PBT is one of the fastest growing commercial thermoplastics. In 1993 the North American market alone exceeded 90,000 t, a 15% increase over 1992 (174). This rapid growth was accounted for mainly by the electrical and electronic and automotive markets, which together accounted for over half the PBT used. The principal manufacturers of PBT in North America, Europe, and Japan are shown in Table 9. 

Historically, strontium metal was produced only in very small quantities. Rapid growth of metal production occurred during the late 1980s, however, owing to use as a eutectic modifier in aluminum—silicon casting alloys. The addition of strontium changes the microstmcture of the alloy so that the siUcon is present as a fibrous stmcture, rather than as hard acicular particles. This results in improved ductility and strength in cast aluminum automotive parts such as wheels, intake manifolds, and cylinder heads. 

The use of vitamins in humans consumes ca 40% of vitamins made worldwide. The majority of the vitamins, particularly in countries outside the United States, are used in animal husbandry. It is well estabUshed (21) that vitamins are critical to animal productivity, especially under confined, rapid growth conditions. Newer information (22) has shown that vitamin E added to catde feed has the additional effect of significantly prolonging beef shelf life in stores. Additional appHcations of vitamins exist. A small but growing market segment involves cosmetics (qv) (23). The use of the chemical properties of the vitamins, particularly as antioxidants (qv) in foods and, more recently, in plastics (vitamin E (24)), has emerged as a growing trend. 

United States benzene trade data are shown in Table 7. From 1961 to 1970, the United States was a net exporter of benzene. After 1971, following a rapid growth of foreign benzene production, the amount of inexpensive benzene available from overseas sources brought the trade balance back to net imports. The trade balance was expected to fluctuate and a net import balance of 3.3ndash4.3 x 10 t (100—130 million gallons) was anticipated for 1990 (64). 

Primary cadmium prices rose sharply ia 1987—1988, from 3.60 to 15.50/kg ia 1—5 metric ton lots (13), largely as a result of speculative stockpiling and strong demand driven by rapid growth in the Ni—Cd storage battery market. Prices decreased just as sharply in 1990—1991 however, reaching 3.15/kg in late 1990, as a result of erosion of consumer stockpiles, regulatory pressures, and a slow-down in the Ni—Cd battery market (14,15). 

Economic Aspects. Sodium chlorate production has grown at about a 5% rate since the early 1970s and is expected to grow at 8—10% through 1995. The projected rapid growth is related to the increased use of chlorine dioxide in the pulp and paper industry. The 1991 production capacities of various North American plants are given in Table 7. The price of sodium chlorate has increased from 165/t in 1970 to about 480/t in 1991 (113,114). 

Techniques for the synthesis of reaction paths on the basis of enumeration of all possible reactions are fairly weU developed. The SYNCHEM2 system conducts a backward search of possible reaction paths from a desired product (76). Because the procedure is limited by the rapid growth of... 

Copolymer technology is progressing along two "fronts." First, new appHcations for copolymers are being found to increase the volume of materials that are already commercially available. One example of this is the rapid growth of styrenic block copolymers sold as asphalt (qv) and polymer modifiers over the past 10 years (Fig. 7). Another is the increased interest in graft and block copolymers as compatihilizers for polymer blends and alloys. Of particular interest are compatihilizers for recycled polymer scrap. 

A historically fragmented Japanese industry, with rapid growth to meet internal demand, changed in 1979 with an agreement by its five principal manufacturers (Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Nippon Kayaku, Mitsui Toatsu, and Hodogaya) to the formation of a cartel to coordinate research as well as manufacture. Successful operation of this cartel could have profound effects on the international situation by the end of the twentieth century. 

In 1923, the first disperse dye was developed for dyeing cellulose acetate fibers. However, in recent years the most important appHcation of disperse dyes has been to dye polyester fibers. Accompanied by the rapid growth of polyester fibers after World War II, disperse dyes have currendy achieved the largest production among all dye classes in terms of quantity (106). 

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