Selling price

Social value is created insofar as an innovation reaches the marketplace, and consumers buy it insofar as it meets their needs. The producers who can manufacture it at a cost that is lower than the price sell it. In a competitive market, this process forces prices down to a point of maximum consumer... 

In this vein, posted price selling is a long-term version of real-time pricing. If we consider sales trends as bids made by market participants, there is little quahtative difference between posted-price selling and auctions in terms of price movements, or how market clearing prices are attained. Nevertheless, fundamental differences exist in terms of the number of market participants, the speed at which prices are determined, or in the transactional aspects of a trade, such as menu costs. 

Wang, R. (1993), Auctions versus Posted-price Selling, American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 838-851. 

Just as with pricing, selling online allows dynamic updating of the assortment to achieve a better match between supply and demand. Again, Dell is known to alter its website offerings frequently. A related strategy is to customize the assortment presented to each individual based on past purchase behavior or stated preferences. 

It was high in price, selling for two or three times the price of natural rubber. 

A publisher sells books to Barnes Noble at 12 each. The marginal production cost for the publisher is 1 per book. Barnes Noble prices the book to its customers at 24 and expects demand over the next two months to be normally distributed, with a mean of 20,000 and a standard deviation of 5,000. Barnes Noble places a single order with the publisher for delivery at the beginning of the two-month period. Currently, Barnes Noble discounts any unsold books at the end of two months down to 3, and any books that did not seh at fuh price sell at this price. 

Group). This published information can be used to assess at what price a new product will sell or to assess the minimum allowable selling price for given raw materials costs. 

If the distribution of gas in a country is run by a nationalised or state owned company, there is effectively a monopoly on this service, and prices for gas distributed through a grid system will have to be negotiated with the distribution company. If the market for distribution is not regulated then opportunities arise to sell gas to other customers and... 

Product Year approved Selling price, /g Quantity for 200 X 10 in sales, kg... 

Furan, a Class 3 DOT hazard, is shipped in tank cars, tank tmcks and in heavy duty dmms. The selling price of furan in bulk is Hsted at 1.60/lb. 

Prices of spandex fibers are highly dependent on thread size selling price generally increases as fiber tex decreases. Factors that contribute to the relatively high cost of spandex fibers include (/) the relatively high cost of raw materials, (2) the small size of the spandex market compared to that of hard fibers which limits scale and thus efficiency of production units, and (J) the technical problems associated with stretch fibers that limit productivity rates and conversion efficiencies. 

From the standpoint of commercialization of fuel ceU technologies, there are two challenges initial cost and reHable life. The initial selling price of the 200-kW PAFC power plant from IFC was about 3500/kW. A competitive price is projected to be about 1500/kW orless for the utiHty and commercial on-site markets. For transportation appHcations, cost is also a critical issue. The fuel ceU must compete with conventional mass-produced propulsion systems. Furthermore, it is not clear if the manufacturing cost per kilowatt of small fuel ceU systems can be lower than the cost of much larger units. The life of a fuel ceU stack must be five years minimum for utiHty appHcations, and reHable, maintenance-free operation must be achieved over this time period. The projection for the PAFC stack is a five year life, but reHable operation has yet to be demonstrated for this period. 

The basic metal salts and soaps tend to be less cosdy than the alkyl tin stabilizers for example, in the United States, the market price in 1993 for calcium stearate was about 1.30— 1.60, zinc stearate was 1.70— 2.00, and barium stearate was 2.40— 2.80/kg. Not all of the coadditives are necessary in every PVC compound. Typically, commercial mixed metal stabilizers contain most of the necessary coadditives and usually an epoxy compound and a phosphite are the only additional products that may be added by the processor. The requited costabilizers, however, significantly add to the stabilization costs. Typical phosphites, used in most flexible PVC formulations, are sold for 4.00— 7.50/kg. Typical antioxidants are bisphenol A, selling at 2.00/kg Nnonylphenol at 1.25/kg and BHT at 3.50/kg, respectively. Pricing for ESO is about 2.00— 2.50/kg. Polyols, such as pentaerythritol, used with the barium—cadmium systems, sells at 2.00, whereas the derivative dipentaerythritol costs over three times as much. The P-diketones and specialized dihydropyridines, which are powerful costabilizers for calcium—zinc and barium—zinc systems, are very cosdy. These additives are 10.00 and 20.00/kg, respectively, contributing significantly to the overall stabilizer costs. Hydrotalcites are sold for about 5.00— 7.00/kg. 

Economic Jispects. Sodium borohydride is produced ia large quantities mainly as powder and stabilized water solution. Potassium borohydride powder is produced ia lesser amounts. Commercial quantities of sodium borohydride powder sell for ca 55/kg (1992 price) the 12% solution ia caustic soda is priced at ca 47/kg of contaiaed NaBH. ... 

The 1990 price of anhydrous HCl was about 330/t the 1993 price of 20° Bh (31.4% HCl) was about 73/t (77). Prices depend on plant location, transportation burden, and on-site demand. These factors all influence the selling price significantly, sometimes carrying zero or negative value. 

Economic Aspects. Worldwide production is of the order of 110,000 t. The selling price ranges from U.S. 2.8-4.8/kg, depending on grade and end use. 

In the past, commodity chemicals were generally priced on the basis of ROl. Capital cost was the most critical item, and those elements that ate related to capital cost were the principal factors in the selling price (excluding taw material cost in some cases). On this basis, a satisfactory ROl resulted in acceptable values for other criteria such as ROS or sales margin. Many analysts favor ROS as a benchmark for comparison because it is up to date and simple and because it is increasingly difficult to determine a tme ROl based on what profits might be on plants built under indation and expensive capital and constmction costs. 

The cost and selling price for matches increase considerably with higher quaUty cover paper, elaborateness of printed messages on and inside the cover (and sometimes even on the splint), and size of the order. In any case, the customer receives exactiy the same high quahty matches and striking strip. 

The large candles used by the U.S. Navy have been produced ia the United States by three companies. Mine Safety AppHances Company, Puritan-Beimett Corporation, and Scott Aviation. These sell for 50— 60. Production is less than 10,000/yr. Smaller candles incorporated ia breathing apparatus are produced by equipment suppHers. Production quantities are tied to the number of complete units and the candles are a small percentage of the total price. Production for aircraft oxygen supply during a decompression incident is about 50,000 units per year. In the United States, Puritan-Beimett and Scott Aviation are the primary suppHers as is Draeger in Germany. 

This product has been assigned UN No. 3247 and should be transported in accordance with international transport regulations pertaining to Class 5.1, oxidizing substances. It is made commercially by L Air Liquide and Degussa (Germany), the latter sells it under the trade name Oxoborate. The U.K. price in 1994 was J1.90/kg ( 2.81/kg). 

As PV module selling price has decreased, new markets have progressively emerged. This combination of market growth and price decrease has provided a smooth evolutionary path for the commercial industry of the 1990s. 

Economic Aspects. Oxetanes are expensive monomers and are not readily available in commercial quantities. Commercial production of PBCMO has been discontinued its end uses were not able to support its comparatively high selling price. Energetic polymers prepared from appropriately substituted oxetanes have opened a new market for their use to prepare soHd rocket propeUants and explosives. Should this specialty market result in the large-scale production of these oxetanes even at current (1996) high prices and/or in a cheap synthetic route to oxetanes, this economic picture could change. 

In 1989 quantity costs, which reflect the lowest cost, of urea molding compounds, were approximately 1.41 /kg ( 0.035/in. for black and brown colors, 1.58/kg ( 0.039/in.for white and ivory special colors are somewhat higher in price. The approximate cost of cellulose-filled melamine molding compound is 1.74/kg ( 0.043/in. ). Glass fiber-filled melamine sells for 7.70/kg ( 0.22/in. ). 

Whereas the manufacturing cost is strongly influenced by energy prices, cost of money, and capital investment, ammonia selling prices are usually deterrnined by supply and demand. Therefore, the profitabiUty of ammonia plants is deterrnined by the margin between cost of production and ammonia price. 

About one-third of the chemical industry s energy is used for separation. A correlation exists between selling price and feed concentration (Fig. 2) as well as between selling price and product purity. 

Fig. 2. Commercial selling prices of some separated materials (3).

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