Sudan

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Sudan, 2002 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

Ismail Hassan Hussein National Oilseed Processing 

World Health Organization CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Phone +41 22 791 35 88 Fax +41 22 791 48 48 E-mail ipcs who.ch 

International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) 

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), Chemical Unit 

Phone +41 22 917 81 11 Fax +41 22 797 34 60 E-mail chemicals unep.ch Web site www.chem.unep.ch/irpte 

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The use of an indicator or marking substance, which is adsorbed on the column in a position in known relation to that of the colourless substance (e.g., Sudan III for isolation of Vitamin D upon alumina). 

Gum Arabic. Gum arable [9000-01-5] is a dried exudate from a species of the acacia tree found in various tropical and semitropical areas of the world. Most of the commercial gum comes from a single species, Jicacia Senegal. The largest producers are the RepubHc of Sudan and several other West African countries, with over 75% of the world s production coming from the Sudan. The best grade comes from Jicacia Senegal and about 90% of the Sudan s production is from this source the remainder comes Jicacia sejal... 

Alternatively, small amounts of potable water may be deUvered by tmck to distribution centers or to tanks on house roofs. This system exists in Kuwait, which has many filling stations from which tank-tmck operators buy water at 1.00/m for distribution at about 3.00/m. Although much water is direcdy piped to residences in Kuwait today, 12% of the people still get their water by tmck. In Khartoum, Sudan, families that buy from vendors, who dehver sacks of water by donkey, pay an average of 16 per month. 

Benzeneazodiphenylamine (4-phenylazodiphenylamine) [28110-26-1] M 273.3, m 82, pK 1.52. Purified by chromatography on neutral alumina using anhydrous C6H6 with 1% anhydrous MeOH. The major component, which gave a stationary band, was cut out and eluted with EtOH or MeOH. [Hogfeldt and Bigeleisen J Am Chem Soc 82 15 I960.] Crystd from pet ether or EtOH. See Sudan I. 

Sudan I (Solvent Yellow 14, l-phenylazo-2-naphthol) [824-07-9] M 248.3, m 135 , Cl 12055, Xmax 476nm, pKe,( -9.0. Crystd from EtOH. 

Sudan IV [Solvent Red 24, l-(4-o-tolylazo-o-tolylazo)-2-naphthol] [85-83-6] M 380.5, m -184 (dec), Cl 26105, Xmax 520nm, pK jt -9.0. Crystd from EtOH/water or acetone/water. 

Fig. 60 Chromatogram of a 6 dyestuff mixture made up (according to falling Rf values) of Sudan red 7B, Sudan orange G, Sudan black B, Sudan yellow, Artisil blue 2RP and Sudan black B (2 components) under different humidity conditions. From left to right 72, 65, 47, 42, 32,18, 14 and 9% relative humidity layer silica gel 60 mobile phase toluene.

There are some descriptions of water-borne outbreaks, or even small epidemics of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhoea), cholera and hepatitis E associated with catastrophic floods that occurred in developing countries, such as Sudan [34, 35], Nicaragua [36], Mozambique [37] and West Bengal [37]. On the contrary, no changes in the base-line outbreak incidence have been reported in developed countries after major floods [37, 38]. When infrastructures and water management are adequate, outbreaks of faecal-oral water-borne infectious diseases do not follow flood events, even in the case where water flooding has compromised the security of water facilities [37]. 

McCarthy MC, He J, Hyams KC et al (1994) Acute hepatitis E infection during the 1988 floods in Khartoum, Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 177 Shears P (1988) The Khartoum floods and diarrhoeal diseases. Lancet 2 517 Campanella N (1999) Infectious diseases and natural disasters the effects of Hurricane Mitch over Villanueva municipal area, Nicaragua. Public Health Rev 27 311-319... 

Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

Table 3 shows some physicochemical properties used as international GA quality parameters, for example moisture, total ash content, volatile matter and internal energy, with reference to gums taken from Acacia Senegal species in Sudan (FAO, 1990, Larson Bromley, 1991). The physicochemical properties of GA may vary depending on the origin and age of trees, the exudation time, the storage type, and climate. The moisture content facilitates the solubility of GA carbohydrate hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins. The total ash content is used to determine the critical levels of foreign matter, insoluble matter in... 

Abdel Nour, H. O. Gum arabic in Sudan production and socio-economic aspects. In Medicinal, Culinary and Aromatic Plants in the Near East. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Cairo, 1999. Internet reference fao.org/ docrep/x5402e/x5402el2.htm. 

Ali, A. A. Ali, K.E. Fadlalla, A. Khalid, K.E. (2008). The effects of GA oral treatment on the metabolic profile of chronic renal failure patients under regular haemodialysis in Central Sudan. Natural Product Research, Vol.22, No.l, (January 2008), pp.12-21, ISSN 1478-6419. 

Larson, B.A., Bromley, D.W. (1991). Natural resource prices, export policies and deforestation the case of Sudan. World Development, Vol.l9, No.lO, (October 1991), pp.1289-1297, ISSN 0305-750X. 

For HPLC, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the detector signal, of which the most used is peak area, and the concentrations of the pigments. Calibration curves for external quantification should be constructed for each carotenoid. Internal calibration is also used for quantification of carotenoids, using as internal standards all-trfln5 -p-apo-8-carotenal, ° Sudan 1, and decapreno-P-carotene. ... 

In conclusion, synthetic dyes can be determined in solid foods and in nonalcoholic beverages and from their concentrated formulas by spectrometric methods or by several separation techniques such as TEC, HPLC, HPLC coupled with diode array or UV-Vis spectrometry, MECK, MEECK, voltammetry, and CE. ° Many analytical approaches have been used for simultaneous determinations of synthetic food additives thin layer chromatography, " " derivative spectrophotometry, adsorptive voltammetry, differential pulse polarography, and flow-through sensors for the specific determination of Sunset Yellow and its Sudan 1 subsidiary in food, " but they are generally suitable only for analyzing few-component mixtures. 

Tateo, F. and Bonomi, M., Fast determination of Sudan I by HPLC/APCI-MS in hot chili, spices, and oven-baked foods, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 655, 2004. 

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