Acute gastroenteritis

Acute gastroenteritis Norovlrus and Sapovims, Rotavirus, Astrovirus some... 

There are some descriptions of water-borne outbreaks, or even small epidemics of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhoea), cholera and hepatitis E associated with catastrophic floods that occurred in developing countries, such as Sudan [34, 35], Nicaragua [36], Mozambique [37] and West Bengal [37]. On the contrary, no changes in the base-line outbreak incidence have been reported in developed countries after major floods [37, 38]. When infrastructures and water management are adequate, outbreaks of faecal-oral water-borne infectious diseases do not follow flood events, even in the case where water flooding has compromised the security of water facilities [37]. 

Bon, F., Fascia, P., Dauvergne, M., Tenenbaum, D., Planson, H., Petion, A. M., Pothier, P., and Kohli, E. (1999). Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. /. Clin. Microbiol. 37,3055-3058. 

Karsten, C., Baumgarte, S., Friedrich, A. W., von Eiff, C., Becker, K., Wosniok, W., Ammon, A., Bockemuhl, J., Karch, H., and Huppertz, H. I. (2009). Incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west Germany in 2004. Eur. 

Moe, C. L., Christmas, W. A., Echols, L. J., and Miller, S. E. (2001). Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses in campus settings. /. Am. Coll. Health 50, 57-66. 

Oh, D. Y., Gaedicke, G., and Schreier, E. (2003). Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children Prevalence and molecular diversity. /. Med. Virol. 71, 82-93. 

Tsugawa, T., Numata-Kinoshita, K., Honma, S., Nakata, S., Tatsumi, M., Sakai, Y., Natori, K., Takeda, N., Kobayashi, S., and Tsutsumi, H. (2006). Virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup II norovirus in an infant home. /. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 177-182. 

King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children Oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003 52(RR16) 1-16. 

In a study of calves dosed with diisopropyl methylphosphonate at 62.5, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg via gelatin capsules placed with a balling gun, calves that died at the highest dose level displayed acute gastroenteritis and ecchymotic hemorrhaging upon necropsy (Palmer et al. 1979). No gastrointestinal effects were observed at sublethal dose levels. 

In subacute toxicity studies only the highest rifaximin dose (i.e. 100 mg/kg, corresponding to 25 times the therapeutic dose in humans) induced mild toxic effects (like, for instance, acute gastroenteritis) connected to the topical GI action of the drug [59, 255], A dose-dependent increase of the total cholesterol value was recorded in female animals [255], most likely due to an alteration of biliary acid metabolism consequent to the antibiotic effect on gut flora [256]. 

Human disease caused by Salmonella generally falls into four categories acute gastroenteritis (enterocolitis), bacteremia, extraintestinal localized infection, and enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), and a chronic carrier state. S. typhimurium is the most common cause of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is a disease primarily of infants, children, and adolescents. 

Symptoms of acute zinc poisoning include acute gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and heaviness in chest. 

DETAILS - Colchicine is a plant drug used in the treatment of gout. It is a very efficient poison in view of its very low toxic dose and the fact that an autopsy will show only the symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. This does not, however, mean it is undetectable. It only means that it is likely to be overlooked. It is also very useful as a dart poison, especially when nicotine is used as a binder. Colchicine is great for small caliber (,22)bullets, as they usually won t hold enough of most other poisons to do any good. It dissolves slowly in water, but faster in dilute ethanol (liquor). As with any plant alkaloid, it is best to harvest the... 

The efficacy of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to acute or chronic medical illness or acute gastroenteritis has not been evaluated. 

Toxicity Zinc and its compounds are relatively nontoxic, but very large doses can produce acute gastroenteritis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for zinc is 15 mg/day for men, 12 mg/day for women, 10 mg/day for children, and 5 mg/day for infants. Not enough zinc in the diet can result in a loss of appetite, a decreased sense of taste and smell, skin sores and slow wound healing, or a damaged immune system. 

At the Emergency Outpatient Unit, most patients were initially diagnosed as having ureteral stone, or acute gastroenteritis based on vomiting/slight fever, or acute pancreatitis, lumbar pain, muscular pain, or lumbar disc hernia based on severe pain (Fig. 73). 

Calculi in the urinary tract Acute gastroenteritis Acute pancreatitis Lumbar pain Acute pyelonephritis Acute glomerulonephritis Acute renal failure Edema Acute appendicitis Peritonitis Trauma... 

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) with glucose-electrolyte solution is sufficient to treat the vast majority of episodes of watery diarrhoea from acute gastroenteritis. As a simple, effective, cheap and readily administered therapy for a potentially lethal condition, ORT must rank as a major advance in therapy. It is effective because glucose-coupled sodium transport continues during diarrhoea and so enhances replacement of water and electrolyte losses in the stool. 

A 25-year-old man with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis took Pepto-Bismol, a total of eight caplets over 6 hours. About 30 minutes after the last dose, he developed generalized acute urticaria. He had previously tolerated Pepto-Bismol well, but had presumably become sensitized. He was successfully treated with intravenous fluids and histamine Hi receptor antagonists. 

In general, the only treatment available for exposure to cyanobacterial algal toxins is supportive medical treatment after complete removal from exposure. If the exposure was oral, administration of activated carbon to decrease gut absorption may be efficacious if given within hours of exposure. Based on past outbreaks, monitoring of volume, electrolytes, liver and kidney function should all be considered in the case of acute gastroenteritis associated with some of the cyanobacterial algal toxins. 

Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency usually presents clinically in infancy when sucrose and fruit are introduced in the diet, " but sometimes first presents in adulthood. The deficiency is rare in Caucasians, but more common in Eskimo groups. Deficiencies of both lactase and sucrase-isomaltase may occur secondary to other small bowel diseases (e.g., cehac disease, Crohn s disease,or acute gastroenteritis). Trehalase deficiency is a rare disorder,except in Greenland, where it occurs in 8% of the population. It is manifested by diarrhea following the ingestion of mushrooms. 

All causes of acute gastroenteritis All other causes of multi-organ failure Arsenic poisoning... 

The need for intravenous rehydration often is overestimated. In a randomized trial conducted in a pediatric emergency departmenf children receiving oral rehydration for acute gastroenteritis had shorter lengths of stay than those receiving intravenous rehydration (225 versus 358 minutes p <. 01)." Furthermore, there was a trend toward decreased hospital admissions in the oral compared with the intravenous rehydration group (11% versus 25% p =. 2). 

ReidSR, BonadioWA. Outpatient rapid intravenous rehydration to correct dehydration and resolve vomiting in children with acute gastroenteritis. Ann Emerg Med 1996 28 318-323. 

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