Senegal acacia

Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

Table 1 presents the chemical composition and some properties of both gums reported by Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000. Despite having different protein content, amino acid composition is similar in both gums. Recently, Mahendran et al., 2008, reported the GA amino acid composition in Acacia Senegal, being rich in hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, leucine, glycine, histidine. Table 2. 

Table 1. Comparative chemical composition and some properties of Gum arabic taken from Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal trees (Osman et al., 1993 and Williams Phillips, et al., 2000).

Table 3 shows some physicochemical properties used as international GA quality parameters, for example moisture, total ash content, volatile matter and internal energy, with reference to gums taken from Acacia Senegal species in Sudan (FAO, 1990, Larson Bromley, 1991). The physicochemical properties of GA may vary depending on the origin and age of trees, the exudation time, the storage type, and climate. The moisture content facilitates the solubility of GA carbohydrate hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins. The total ash content is used to determine the critical levels of foreign matter, insoluble matter in... 

Gel permeation chromatography studies using both refractive index and UV(260 nm) absorption detections have confirmed that both Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal gums consist of three main components (Islam et al., 1997, Idris et al., 1998, Williams Phillips, 2000, Al Assaf 2006) ... 

Part I the molecular weight of Acacia Senegal gum exudate. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.19, No.4, Quly 2005), pp. 647-660, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G.O. Aoki, H. Sasaki, Y. (2007). Characterization and properties of Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. var. Senegal with enhanced properties (Acacia (sen) SUPER GUM ) Part 1-Controlled maturation of Acacia Senegal var. Senegal to increase viscoelasticity, produce a hydrogel form and convert a poor into a good emulsifier Food Hydrocollotds, Vol.21, No.3, (May 2007), pp. 319-328, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Specifications for gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) analytical data for samples... 

Idris, O.H.M. Williams, P. A. Phillips, G.O. (1998). Characterization of gum from Acacia Senegal trees of different age and location using multidetection gel permeation chromatography. Food Flydrocolloids, Vol. 12, No. 4, (October 1998), pp. 379-388, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Renard, D. Lavenant-Gourgeon, L. Ralet, M. Sanchez, C. (2006). Acacia Senegal Gum Continuum of Molecular Species Differing by Their Protein to Sugar Ratio, Molecular Weight, and Charges. Biomacromolecules, Vol.7, No.9, (Augudt 2006), pp. 2637-2649, ISSN 1525-7797. 

Siddig, N.E. Osman, M.E. Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G.O. Williams, P.A. (2005). Studies on acacia exudate gums, part IV. Distribution of molecular components in Acacia seyal in relation to Acacia Senegal. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol. 19, No.4, 0uly 2005), pp. 679-686, ISSN 0268-005X. 

Williams, P. A. Phillips, G. O. Stephen, A. M. (1990). Spectroscopic and molecular comparisons of three fractions from Acacia Senegal gum. Food Hydrocolloids, Vol.4, No.4, (December 1990), pp. 305-311, ISSN 0268-005X. 

D.M.W. Anderson, J.F. Howlett, C.G.A. McNab, The amino acid composition of the protei naceous component of gum Arabic acacia Senegal (L.) Willd, Food Additives and... 

The regulations prescribe the energy values to be used as in Table 3. There are agreed values for some other materials. The synthetic dextrose polymer poly dextrose is accepted to be only 1 kcal g 1 (or 4 kJ g 1) even though it would otherwise fall within the definition of a carbohydrate. The accepted value for gum acacia, a polysaccharide obtained from trees of the species Acacia Senegal and closely related species, is 2 kcal g 1 (or 8 kJ g-1). 

To produce validated methods for the identification and quantification of the following gums in foodstuffs Acacia Senegal gum, A. seyal gum, A. combretum gum, carrageenan and alginates. 

Gum, arabic. This thickening agent used for stabilizing emulsions is made from the dried exudate of the stems of the Acacia Senegal. 

If the quantity of oil to be fixed in a dried powder is a parameter dependent on the end use, the formulator can choose between different Acacia gums. With a traditional Acacia gum (exudate of Acacia Senegal), a dry substance value of 35% represents a maximum value before spray drying. Beyond this value the emulsion viscosity is too high and drying inside the atomization tower does not take place satisfactorily. 

Hippocrates mentions Egyptian acacia, and the white acacia, by which, jt is supposed, he meant the acacia vera, Dierbacu, however, thinks that the Acacia Senegal is referred to, from tha fact that the wood, bark, and flowers of the latter ara white. Gum is also named by Hippocrates as being employed in medicine. 

Gum Arabic. Gum arabic [9000-01 -5] is a dried exudate from a species of the acacia tree found in various tropical and semitropical areas of the world. Most of the commercial gum comes from a single species, Acacia Senegal. The largest producers are the Republic of Sudan and several other West African countries, with over 75% of the world s production coming from the Sudan. The best grade comes from Acacia senegal and about 90% of the Sudan s production is from this source the remainder comes from Acacia sejal... 

Acacia (gum arabic) is a dried gum from the stems and branches of the tree Acacia Senegal (Leguminosae/Fabaceae), abundant in the Sudan and Central and West Africa. Trees are tapped by removing a portion of the bark. The gum is used as a suspending agent, and adhesive and binder for tablets. The carbohydrate is a complex branched-chain material, which yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, and L-rhamnose on hydrolysis. Occluded enzymes (oxidases, peroxidases, and pectinases) can cause problems in some formulations, unless inactivated by heat. 

Concentrating and stabilizing agent, emulsifier derived from die sap of Acacia Senegal. 

Prestonia amazonica (Annonaceae), Acacia Senegal (gum arabic)... 

Gum acacia Gum Polysaccharide Trees of the species Acacia Senegal... 

Studies on Uronic Acid Materials. Part XVII. Some Structural Features of Acacia Senegal Gums (Gum Arabic), D. M. W. Anderson, Sir Edmund Hirst, and J. F. Stoddart, J. Chem. Soc., 1959(1966). 

PROP Yellowish-amber lumps. A gum from the stems and branches of Acacia Senegal (L.) WilU. or of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosae). Sol in water insol in ale. 

SYNS ACACIA ACACIA DEALBATA GUM ACACIA GUM ACACIA SENEGAL ACACIA SYRUP AUSTRALIAN GUM GUM ARABIC GUM OVALINE GUM SENEGAL INDIAN GUM NCI-C50748 SENEGAL GUM STARSOLNo. 1 WATTLE GUM... 

---