Fibers soluble

A series of water-soluble fiber-reactive xanthene dyes has been prepared from the reaction of ben2oxanthenedicatboxylic acid anhydride disulfonic acid with, for example, 3-aminophenyl-P-hydtoxyethyl sulfone to yield dyes, with high brilliance and good fastness properties for dyeing of or printing on leather, wool, sHk, or ceUulosic fibers (53). 

Dietary fiber is a mixture of simple and complex polysaccharides and lignin. In intact plant tissue these components are organized into a complex matrix, which is not completely understood. The physical and chemical interactions that sustain this matrix affect its physicochemical properties and probably its physiological effects. Several of the polysaccharides classified as soluble fiber are soluble only after they have been extracted under fairly rigorous conditions. 

Detergent Methods. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) methods (2), later modified for human foods (13), measure total insoluble plant cell wall material (NDF) and the cellulose—lignin complex (ADF). The easily solubilized pectins and some associated polysaccharides, galactomaimans of legume seeds, various plant gums, and seaweed polysaccharides are extracted away from the NDF. They caimot be recovered easily from the extract, and therefore the soluble fiber fraction is lost. 

The detergent method for insoluble fiber superseded the cmde fiber method and became the method of choice for insoluble fiber analysis until the 1980s, when methods were developed to recover soluble fiber as well. Some analysts still prefer the NDF procedure for insoluble fiber. The method is simple, inexpensive, reproducible, and amenable to routine assays. The disadvantage is the inabiUty to recover the soluble fraction. See Reference 14 for more information on detergent methods. 

Enzymatic Gravimetric Methods for TDF, SDF, and IDF. These methods use an a-amylase and protease to remove starch and reduce protein. They differ from each other in the conditions for gelatinization of starch. Elimination of detergent permits recovery of soluble fiber, which is not possible with the detergent methods. 

Urea Enzymatic Dialysis Method. This method (16) uses 8 M urea [57-13-6] to gelatinize and facUitate removal of starch and promote extraction of the soluble fiber at mild (50°C) temperatures. EoUowing digestion with heat-stable a-amylase and protease, IDE is isolated by filtration or I DE is obtained after ethanol precipitation. Values for I DE are comparable to those obtained by the methods described eadier, and this method is less time-consuming than are the two AO AC-approved methods. Corrections for protein are required as in the AO AC methods. 

Agar is most familiar as the gelatinous growth medium used in petri dishes to culture bacteria. But it is also used in cooking as a gel for jellies and fillings. It is a soluble fiber, and as such it is quite useful as a laxative and diet aid. 

Gum Arabic (GA) or Acacia gum is an edible biopolymer obtained as exudates of mature trees of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal which grow principally in the African region of Sahe in Sudan. The exudate is a non-viscous liquid, rich in soluble fibers, and its emanation from the stems and branches usually occurs under stress conditions such as drought, poor soil fertility, and injury (Williams Phillips, 2000). 

In our study, consumption of rye bread or rye bread with phloem did not have an effect on serum lipids (total, LDL or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides) (Table 14.4). This is contrary to a recent finding suggesting that soluble fiber from rye bread decreased the concentrations of cholesterol (Leinonen et al., 2000). In that study ingestion of rye bread (220 g/d) with naturally high amounts of insoluble (18 g/d) and soluble fiber (4 g/d) decreased the LDL concentrations by 8% in hypercholesterolemic men. The researchers speculated that soluble fiber, maybe P-glucan, was responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect. The amount of rye bread (70 g/d vs 220 g/d), the amount of total (5.9-11.8 g/d vs 22.1 g/d) and soluble fiber (0.6-1.3 g/d vs 4 g/d) ingested in this study was considerably less, and could explain the lack of effects on blood lipids in our study. 

Increased intake of soluble fiber in the form of oat bran, pectins, certain gums, and psyllium products can result in useful adjunctive reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (5% to 20%), but these dietary alterations or supplements should not be substituted for more active forms of treatment. They have little or no effect on HDL-C or triglyceride concentrations. These products may also be useful in managing constipation associated with the bile acid resins (BARs). 

Furthermore, addition of lysine to soy protein markedly increased the rate of lipid absorption and addition of arginine to casein slowed lipid absorption. The slowed absorption of lipids in animals fed soy protein is similar to that reported for soluble fibers such as pectin and guar gum that act to lower serum cholesterol concentrations in a number of animal species, including humans. 

In the cecum, the fermentation of any soluble fiber present produces short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and gas (largely... 

Campbell JM, Fahey GC. Psylium and methylcellulose properties in relation to insoluble and soluble fiber standards. Nutr Res 1997 17 619-629. 

It is well accepted that the soluble fiber is the primary contributor for the beneficial health effects of psyllium especially the cholesterollowering activity, while the insoluble fiber may also have a contribution. The effects of solid-state enzymatic treatment on fiber contents were investigated for the modified psyllium. Shearzyme 500 L, Viscozyme L, and Pentopan Mono BG treatments all caused loss of soluble fiber under... 

FIGURE 4.5 Effects of solid-state enzyme treatment on (A) soluble fiber and (B) insoluble fiber contents in psyllium. P, the Pentopan Mono BG S, the Shearzyme 500 L from Novo Nordisk Ferment Ltd. (Switzerland) lOOP, 100 units of P 12S, 12 units of S and Psy stands for the commercial psyllium husks, the starting material for the solid-state enzymatic reaction (re-drawn from Yu and Perret, 2003a). 

Bell, L. P., Hectorn, K. J., Reynolds, H., and Hunninghake, D. B. (1990). Cholesterol-lowering effects of soluble-fiber cereals as part of a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 52,1020-1026. 

Fernandez, M. L., Vergara-Jimenez, M., Conde, K., Behr, T., and Abdel-Fattah, G. (1997). Regulation of apolipoprotein B-contammg lipoproteins by dietary soluble fiber in guinea... 

Roy, S., Vega-Lopez, S., and Eemandez, M. L. (2000). Gender and hormonal status affect the hjrpolipidemic mechanisms of dietary soluble fiber in guinea pigs. /. Nutr. 130, 600-607. 

Sola, R., Godas, G., Ribalta, J., Vallve, J. C., Girona, J., Anguera, A., Ostos, M., Recalde, D., Salazar, J., Caslake, M., Martin-Lujan, E., Salas-Salvado, J., et al. (2007). Effects of soluble fiber Plantago ovata huak) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoUpoproteins in men with ischemic heart disease. Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 85,1157-1163. 

On the other hand, some food companies have chosen to pursue the steps necessary to obtain FDA approval for certain specific health claims for their natural food products. For example, the Kellogg company received approval in 1998 to say that the soluble fiber obtained from psyllium seed husks can help reduce coronary heart disease. General Mills received FDA permission a year later... 

Food And Drug Administration (2008). USA. Food Labelling Health Claims Soluble Fiber from Certain Foods and Risk of Coronary Disease. Federal Register 73, No. 85. 

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