Subject military specification

Chapter 10 discussed test methods of interest in cellular plastics and related materials from a general point of view and listed industry, government, British and International (ISO) standards in a number of relevant subject areas. This chapter will list published specifications (139) and test methods (116) used in the United States, in addition to British Standards (28) and ISO International Standards (40). United States industry standards inlcude ASTM Test Methods (116), ASTM Practices, Guides, Definitions, Terminologies and Abbreviations (24), ASTM Specifications (23), SAE-AMS Specifications (25), and Underwriters Laboratories Standards (1). U.S. Government standards covered include Military Specifications (67), Military Standards (S), Federal Standards (2), Military Handbooks (6), and Federal Specifications (24). Most of these standards are undergoing frequent revision and unused standards are constantly being withdrawn. A total of 361 standards are covered. 

Rosin family s most common form of adhesive is colophony, a hard amorphous substance derived from the oleoresin of the pine tree. This material is applied in solvent solution form as a hot-melt mastic. It has poor resistance to water, is subject to oxidation, and has poor aging properties. Plasticizers are usually added to reduce its brittleness. Bond strengths are moderate and develop rapidly. These materials are used as temporary adhesives in bonding paper and as label varnishes. They are also used as components of PSAs based on styrene-butadiene copolymers and in hot-melt adhesives and tackifiers. These materials have been largely replaced by synthetic-resin adhesives. One specialized form of rosin adhesive is Canada Balsam, covered by the obsolete Military Specification MIL-C-3469C, titled Canada Balsam. This material was intended for cementing optical elements. 

These handbooks generally are guides to a subject area and are often concerned with covering the salient properties and intended uses of current Federal and Military specifications. Military activities desiring copies can obtain them by submitting DD Form 1425 to the Naval Publications and Forms Center. Others may obtain copies by sending a check for the purchase price to the Superintendent of Documents. 

For many years, industry has made use of military or defence standards. These were developed by government departments in conjunction with industrial suppliers in many countries to specify performance and quality requirements for defence procurement. They have often provided a reliable and readily available standard for other industrial users. They have also been subject to international harmonisation, primarily through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. For example, many anaerobic threadlockers were originally developed to meet US military specifications and these are still the most widely used specifications. There is now a trend for defence organisations to use industrial standards. 

In the early 1990s, the US military acquisition process was subject to more that 1,700 different prescriptive Military Standards/Specifications. In 1994 the (then) US Secretary of Defence, William J. Perry, issued a directive Instead of using Military Specification and Standards the policy was changed to procure against performance specification (or objective regulation, see Section 3.1 above) as the new norm (i.e. what the product is to do, not how it should be made). The idea was to cut costs, and increase innovation by the use of commercial equipment and standards. The use of Military Standards is authorised only as a last resort. 

No single set of electrical and physical requirements can be stated for servomechanisms intended for these diverse military applications. The characteristics of each servomechanism are determined by the function it is to perform, by the characteristics of the other devices and equipments with which it is associated, and by the environment to which it is subjected. It will often be found that two or more servo-system configurations will meet a given set of performance specifications. Final choice of a system may then be determined by such factors as ability of the system to meet environmental specifications, availability of components, simplicity, reliability, ease of maintenance, ease of manufacture, and cost... 

There are six possible ring-nitrated TNT isomers. The isomer of military interest, the one which is the primary subject of this article, is the 2,4,6-, or symmetrical isomer. The five un-symme tricaror meta , isomers are discussed in a separate section they are all formed (in amts ranging from a trace to about 2%) during the prepn of military grade TNT. For convenience, the 2,4,6-isomer will be referred to herein simply as TNT the meta isomers will always be specifically identified... 

There are no known long-term psychological effects from creatine supplementation. However, at least one study has linked the use of performance-enhancing supplements to an increased incidence of health risk behaviors. The 2001 study, which surveyed approximately 500 men and women between the ages of 17 and 35, found that study participants who took ergogenic nutritional supplements such as creatine were more likely to get drunk, drink and drive, and become involved in physical confrontations. However, since the research was limited by the fact that it involved a very specific population (subjects were new recruits entering military service), further study is needed to determine if ergogenic aids such as creatine are directly linked to an increase in these behaviors. 

The most widely available U.S. military detector for chemical agent vapors is the M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit. These kits contain cards with vials of liquid chemical reagents attached that are combined and exposed to the air in a specific sequence. The kits must be manually manipulated, and the full sequence of tests takes 20 to 25 minutes. These kits are the most sensitive detector of nerve agent vapor and are not subject to the same type of interferents that can cause false alarms in some of the electronic detector systems. 

For many applications, adhesives are formulated and tailored around specific products and environments. Among these are the ground communication and control equipment for the military that must withstand a wide spectrum of harsh terrestrial climates in addition to high levels of shock and vibration. Spacecraft electronics will be subjected to high vacuum, low temperatures, and particle bombardment from both radioactive and physical particles. Other specific applications include memory modules, automotive, flat-panel displays, optoelectronics, LEDs, MEMS, and EMI shielding. 

This industry sector has, quite understandably, placed very exacting demands on the materials used in the construction of civil aircraft, military aircraft and space structures. This includes the adhesives used to assemble parts and to repair structures. Adhesive bonding technology has been subjected to rigorous research, development, testing and stress analysis. There are several types of the standards and specifications applied ... 

Under certain circumstances the safety criteria may be amended to suit the specific programme requirements (e.g. UAV safety criteria, or Military Operational Safety Criteria). However, this is subject to substantiation and agreement by the applicable regulatory authority, thus the declaration of the safety criteria (either in a separate safety criteria report, or as part of a safety plan or an early release of a preliminary system safety assessment). 

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