Subject Specificity

Chapter Title General Subject Specific Topics Covered... 

Treagust, D. F., Chittleborough, G. (2001). Chemistry A matter of understanding representations. In J. Brophy (Ed.), Subject-specific instructional methods and activities (Vol. 8, pp. 239-267). Oxford, UK Elsevier Science Ltd. 

Clinical subject-specific immune response characteristics on gene expression level at 3 and 6 months after vaccination... 

Section 2 covers subjects specifically related to Detonation and Explosion and have the word "Detonation placed in front of them Section 3 describes Equations of State,. 

Subsequently, Schleifer et al. (88) found significant age-related immunological differences between their group of 91 unipolar depressed patients and a group of matched control subjects. Specifically, mitogen responses and the number of T4 lymphocytes did not increase in the depressed group with advancing age, as was the case with the normal control subjects. The impact of elevated cortisol levels on this phenomenon also needs further clarification. 

Mathematica, Interactive Physics, Spartan, and Odyssey are all available with protocols and content (sometimes from third parties) for subject-specific topics. The learning objectives, however, go beyond those of specific content. Being very different from memorization aids, method-based learning environments have at least the potential to familiarize students with the process and the principles of science. It is precisely the use of a multi-purpose tool that makes students invoke the generic reasoning skills, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that are the hallmark of a scientifically literate mind. Sometimes there is value in using fewer applications for more purposes ... 

Were the subjects asleep, and were their experiences actually dreams When occasionally questioned specifically by the experimenter, A and B felt sure they had not been asleep when the reported phenomena occurred. They referred to the continuity of the vase and the table percept throughout most of the experiences in question. The vivid phenomena seemed to be superimposed on that continuity. On some occasions, the subjects specifically mentioned that they had fallen asleep for a brief time, as they had become "suddenly" aware that their heads had fallen forward and that there had been a break in the continuity of the concentration. Nevertheless, the subjects could have had brief periods of sleep of which they were not aware. The perceptual continuity they experienced would argue against a dream state, as does the fact that their experiences did not have the complex structures normally associated with dreaming. 

The batch reactor is extremely flexible compared with continuous reactor configurations. For example, temperature can easily be made a function of reaction time. Once the reactor is put into service, operational alternatives are still available. The tank can be operated halffull without affecting product quality, or the reaction time can be modified easily. Both of these changes may cause heat and mass transfer problems in fixed-volume continuous equipment. This flexibility is worthwhile for products that are made in various grades, have seasonal demand, or have subjective specifications such as the taste of beer. 

Nong A, McCarver DG, Hines RN, Krishnan K (2006) Modelling interchild differences in pharmacokinetics on the basis of subject-specific data on physiology and hepatic CYP2E1 levels A case study with toluene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 214(1) 78-87. 

Having addressed the structure and stability of carbocations, discussions will now be directed to the specific side reactions to which carbocations are subject. Specifically, this section focuses on rearrangements of carbocations known as hydride shifts and alkyl shifts. 

To discuss data related to zinc absorption by normal human subjects, specifically the effects of age, sex and food Intake. 

The mean number of seizures per 28 days (A,) was modeled as a function of drug effect, placebo effect, and subject-specific random effects, based on the following relationship ... 

Since this publication, numerous original research papers and reviews have been written on this subject, specifically in relation to platelet fimction (Reviews 42-51). Similarly, many reviews on topics such as blcxxl lipids and lipoproteins, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cytokine pr-3 fatty acids on platelet-mediated hemostatic and thrombotic functicms. 

The first attempt at estimating interindividual pharmacokinetic variability without neglecting the difficulties (data imbalance, sparse data, subject-specific dosing history, etc.) associated with data from patients undergoing drug therapy was made by Sheiner et al. " using the Non-linear Mixed-effects Model Approach. The vector 9 of population characteristics is composed of all quantities of the first two moments of the distribution of the parameters the mean values (fixed effects), and the elements of the variance-covariance matrix that characterize random effects.f " " ... 

Unreducible ions of the transition metal component of supported catalysts, which survive a severe reduction, are clear evidence of a strong interaction between the support and the metallic element. Currently there is a discussion in the literature on this subject, specifically 1) Do some Pt-ions survive a severe reduction 2) Are they accessible 3) Do they play a role in the metal-support interaction and reactions of hydrocarbons ... 

To model the distribution of pain relief scores and remedication times, subject-specific random effect models are developed. Let the vector of pain relief scores for an individual be Y = (Yi, Y2,..., Y r). At time t the pain relief score is denoted by Y, and the time at which an individual remedicates is denoted by the variable T. The PD model parameter estimates are obtained by maximum likelihood, which estimates the most probable model parameter values for the observed data. P[T, Y] denotes the likelihood of an individual s data, and it is expressed by the following equation ... 

As stated in the introduction, the submodels may differ in fixed or random effects. The task is to learn how to communicate our ideas about the submodels to NONMEM. Suppose that during a population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of an orally administered drug, a model is used where the absorption and elimination rates are first order. The model is parameterized in terms of elimination rate (K), apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and absorption rate (KA), such that both K and KA are allowed to vary between subjects. Specifically, the values of K and KA for the th subject (Kj and KAj) are specified as follows ... 

Step 3. Combination of individual PK (exposure) variables from virtual subjects with subject-specific covariate data together with the real data set (including the pharmacodynamics-biomarker response data) to create a PK/PD knowledge creation data set. 

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