Standard availability

Table Type This is a simple flat metal sheet with slightly upturned edges and jacketed on the underside for coolant flow. For many years this was the mainstay of food processors. Table types are still widely used when production is in small batches, when considerable batch-to-batch variation occurs, for pilot investigation, and when the cost of continuous devices is unjustifiable. Slab thicknesses are usually in the range of 13 to 25 mm (V2 to 1 in). These units are homemade, with no standards available. Initial cost is low, but operating labor is high.

Are the quality manual, improvement plan/ objectives and performance standards available to those who need to use them ... 

Several types of RG oligomers, obtained by acid hydrolysis or enzymically, were prepared in order to have a series of standards available for the characterisation of the reaction products from linear RG oligomers by the action of RG-hydrolase and RG-lyase. 

The management standards available have already been introduced and their general features highlighted in Chapter 2. Some of the more specific components of the Standards will be covered in this chapter. For general chemical laboratories, the two Standards that are most frequently encountered are ISO/IEC 17025 and GLP and so these will be covered more fully in the following sections. 

USDA (2007) The national organic program standards. Available at http //www.ams.usda.gov/ nop/NOP/standards. html... 

Laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) was established in the early 1990s as a potential routine tool for the measurement of trace and ultra-trace elements in silicate systems for geology. Early studies (Perkins et al. 1993) used sample preparation techniques identical to that used to prepare rock samples for WDXRF, i.e., either a pressed powder disk or a glass bead fusion method (see Appendix VIII). Such studies concluded that LA-ICP-MS had the potential to surpass XRF in terms of the limits of detection achieved and INAA in terms of the speed of analysis (Perkins et al. 1993 481). It has long been recognized that the main limit on the quantitative performance of LA-ICP-MS is the homogeneity at the trace and ultra-trace level of the solid calibration standards available. Subsequent work (e.g., Hollecher and Ruiz 1995, Norman et al. 1996) has demonstrated that some of the international... 

Two companies from Europe, PANalytical and DSM Resolve, have introduced a set of standards for the analysis of toxic elements in PE, as a tool to assist PE producers achieve compliance with international legislation governing emissions. Brief details are given of the new standards, available under the name of Toxel . PANALYTICAL BV DSM RESOLVE... 

Figure 2.2 shows the total ion current trace and a number of appropriate mass chromatograms obtained from the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the polluted soil sample. The upper trace represents a part of the total ion current magnified eight times. The peak numbers correspond with the numbers mentioned in Table 2.1 and refer to the identified compounds. The identification was based on manual comparison of mass spectra and relative gas chromatographic retention times with literature data [34, 35] and with data of standards available. In some cases unknown compounds were tentatively identified on the basis of a priori interpretation of their mass spectra (labelled tentative in Table 2.1). 

Mole % of total starting-material added. No standard available. 

Due to the core importance of the SEI formation on carbonaceous anodes, the majority of the research activities on additives thus far aim at controlling the chemistry of the anode/electrolyte interface, although the number of publications related to this topic is rather limited as compared with the actual scale of interest by the industry. Table 9 summarizes the additives that have been described in the open literature. In most cases, the concentration of these interface-targeted additives is expected to be kept at a minimum so that the bulk properties of the electrolytes such as ion conduction and liquid ranges would not be discernibly affected. In other words, for an ideal anode additive, its trace presence should be sufficient to decouple the interfacial from bulk properties. Since there is no official standard available concerning the upper limit on the additive concentration, the current review will use an arbitrary criterion of 10% by weight or volume, above which the added component will be treated as a cosolvent instead of an additive. 

Patton, C. Webmaxc Standard, available at http //www.stanford.edu/ -cpatton/webmaxcS.htm, 2003. 

The matrix elements of the momentum operator in (12) are now written in terms of derivative overlap integrals which can be obtained from the gradient package. These integrals are standard available in Ab Initio programs capable of performing a geometry optimisation. 

SEC separates polymer molecules only according to their sizes rather them their MW. One finds that the SEC-MW calibration curves using the same column set can be quite different for different polymer-solvent systems, such as shown in Figure 12. Direct SEC-MW calibration is only possible vdien there are known MW standards available of the Scuiple polymer type. This is only possible for a very limited number of polymer types shown in the Figure. For the majority of experimental polymers absolute GPC-MW calibration is simply iitpossible due to the lack of narrow MW standards. 

In case there is a need to perform wavelength accuracy and photometric accuracy measurements for the far-UV region below 240 nm, there are new certified reference standards available from Stama Cell [18]. The wavelength standard is a solution of rare earth oxides solvated in dilute sulfuric acid. The standard exhibits well-characterized absorption bands at 210, 211, 222, 240, and 253 nm (Figure 10.13). The photometric accuracy standard consists of a series... 

Perhaps no reagent is more important than the stable-isotope-labeled internal standard in any clinical assay utilizing mass spectrometry for quantification. Internal standards are important in many aspects of the analysis and are somewhat different than standards utilized in other clinical, non-mass-spectrometric assays. The ideal internal standard is an enriched isotopic version of the analyte being measure. For example, in the case of phenylalanine, a standard available may contain six 13C molecules rather than 12C in the aromatic ring. This has the net effect of shifting the mass of phenylalanine by six units while also maintaining nearly identical chemical... 

Until recently, chemical analyses of coals were done on ash produced from the coal at relatively high temperatures. This was the standard approach for many years, and analyses of trace elements in coals do have a long history. An early article on an element as rare as cadmium in coal was published 125 yrs ago (28). One limitation of high-temperature ash sample is that volatile elements may be lost during combustion and will not be detected. Another problem which applies especially to analyses for trace and minor elements is that there have not been any coal standards available until very recently. 

Another role is to approve standards as American National Standards when they meet consensus requirements. It approves a standard only when it has verified evidence presented by a standards developer that those affected by the standard have reached substantial agreement on its provisions. ANSI s other major roles are to represent U.S. interests in nongovernmental international standards work, to make national and international standards available, and to inform the public. 

Janz, G. J., et al. (1968-). Molten Salts. Washington US National Bureau of Standards (available Supt. of Docs., US Gov t. Print. Off.). 

United States and Canada have water quality guidelines and European countries banned the use of alkylphenol polyethoxylates. To date, there is no standard available for regulating APs in the environmental media of South Korea. Most of the sites investigated throughout the South Korean peninsula are not expected to be sufficiently contaminated with APs or BPA to cause adverse effects. However, NP concentrations in some waters and sediments were over the guidelines of the USA and Canada. This means that aquatic organisms can be adversely affected by NP exposure in some aquatic systems. Therefore, actions should be taken to implement the regulations of NP to protect the aquatic ecosystems in South Korea. 

CMS. 2007b. National Provider Identifier Standard available at www.cms.hhs.gov/NationalProvIdentStand/ accessed on November 21, 2007. 

Accuracy and Repeatability Definitions of terminology pertaining to process measurements can be obtained from standards available from the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society... 

Note Species name, phylum or division, common name, and concentration of total MAAs ([MAA], in nmol mg-1 protein) are indicated. Notes describe whether samples are from a whole organism or specific tissues, and value indicates if data are from a single measurement, a maximum value from several samples (max), or a maximum mean value (mean) reported. See text Section II.A.6 for an explanation of how rankings were determined. The comparison of values from different research laboratories may be somewhat problematic as there are currently no commercial standards available for MAAs and calibration of instruments is achieved by a variety of means. 

A final case is where tire aim of calibration is not so much to determine tire concentration of a particular compound but to determine a statistical parameter. There will no longer be pure standards available, and tire training set must consist of a sufficiently representative group. An example is to determine tire concentration of a class of compounds in food, such as protein in wheat. It is not possible (or desirable) to isolate each single type of protein, and we rely on tire original samples... 

Standard Preparation Proceed as directed for the Sample Preparation, substituting a Bohenin standard (available from Laroda Fine Chemicals AB, Limhamnsgardens alle 9, 216 16 LIMHAMN Vaxel, Sweden) for the sample. 

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