Liquid chemical reagents

The most widely available U.S. military detector for chemical agent vapors is the M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit. These kits contain cards with vials of liquid chemical reagents attached that are combined and exposed to the air in a specific sequence. The kits must be manually manipulated, and the full sequence of tests takes 20 to 25 minutes. These kits are the most sensitive detector of nerve agent vapor and are not subject to the same type of interferents that can cause false alarms in some of the electronic detector systems. 

TaMe 20.16. Selected properties of common liquid chemical reagents... 

Fluorosulfuric acid [7789-21-17, HSO F, is a colodess-to-light yellow liquid that fumes strongly in moist air and has a sharp odor. It may be regarded as a mixed anhydride of sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Fluorosulfuric acid was first identified and characterized in 1892 (1). It is a strong acid and is employed as a catalyst and chemical reagent in a number of chemical processes, such as alkylation (qv), acylation, polymerization, sulfonation, isomerization, and production of organic fluorosulfates (see Friedel-CRAFTSreactions). 

Dispose of, by special arrangements, chemicals which cannot be admitted to the public sewerage system, e.g. flammable liquids and reagents with high toxicity... 

We need to keep in mind the disposal costs in all of the mechanisms for solidification. With the first method, keep in mind that free liquids are typically not allowed in most disposal scenarios. And adding too much adsorbent can substantially add to disposal costs. Make this point clear to your field people. As far as using polymerization catalysts and chemical reagents, keep in mind disposal costs. Ensure that you are cognizant of disposal costs of spent catalyst prior to using this scenario. As far as freezing is concerned, consider the cost to keep the contaminants frozen and what the downsides are. The downsides besides cost include measures in case of power failure and use of freezing equipment after wastes have been disposed. 

Chemical reagents are primarily concerned with dielectric liquids or solids. For metal oxides such as ferrites, however, magnetic losses occur in the microwave region. As for a dielectric material, a complex magnetic permeability is defined as given by Eq. (16) ... 

The most widespread purification techniques are recrystallization and sublimation for solids, filtration and distillation for liquids, and the separation of the impurities hy ahsorhing them by various chemical reagents for gases. 

ABSORPTION (Process). Absorption is commonly used in the process industries for separahng materials, notably a specific gas from a mixture of gases and in the production of solutions such as hydrochloric and sulfuric adds. Absorption operations are very important to many air pollution abatement systems where it is desired to remove a noxious gas, such as sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide, from an effluent gas prior to releasing the material to the atmosphere. The absorption medium is a liquid in which (1) the gas to be removed, i.e., absorbed is soluble ill the liquid, or (2) a chemical reaction takes place between the gas and the absoibing liquid. In some instances a chemical reagent is added to the absorbing liquid to increase the ability of the solvent to absorb. 

The organic liquids in Table 1 include ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is a common solvent and chemical reagent. During normal exposure in the laboratory such a small amount of ethanol is inhaled or absorbed through the skin that it would correspond to only a miniscule taste of the liquid. However, denaturants in "lab alcohol" can modify its toxicity. Denatured alcohol often contains about 5% of an additive such as benzene or methanol. Of the twenty lab manuals examined, eighteen use ethanol. The other two specified methanol instead. In general, methanol is considerably more toxic than ethanol. 

Test Method for Resistance of Adhesive Bonds to Chemical Reagents Test Method for Applied Weight per Unit Area of Liquid Adhesive Test Method for Applied Weight per Unit Area of Liquid Adhesive Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds Practice for Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to Artificial (Carbon Arc Type) and Natural Light... 

The quenching may consist in sudden cooling to stop the reactions or in the addition of a chemical reagent which will remove (by reaction or neutralization) one of the reactive components. The difficulty with such a method is that it involves disturbing the reacting system. If the system is a gas system, then the sampling involves a sudden diminution in concentrations if it is a liquid system, there need be no such disturbance. 

Simultaneous Absorption of Two Reacting Gases In multi-component physical absorption the presence of one gas often does not affect the rates of absorption of the other gases. When chemical reactions in which two or more gases are competing for the same liquid-phase reagent are involved, selectivity of absorption can be affected by... 

Chemical reagents can also be used to carry out redox intercalation reactions. Alkali metals in liquid ammonia and organometallic reagents such as n-butylhthium were among the earliest used. Other chemical reagents can be used to provide different effective activities of the alkali metal relative to the pure metal. A convenient sununary, developed for comparison of the reduction potentials for some common lithium reagents and common host lattices, is shown in Figure S. ... 

A variety of chemical reagents may also be used to form alkali metal intercalation compounds. The first compounds of the dichalcogenides were prepared by RiidorfF, who reacted the host lattices with liquid ammonia solutions of the alkali... 

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