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CHOI J H, CHA B K and RHEE s J (1998) Effects of green tea catechin on hepatic microsomal phospholipase A2 activities and changes of hepatic phospholipid species in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats , JNutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 44 (5), 673-83. 

LAI M-H, LIN Y-j, HUNG M-L, CHENG H-H (2001) Dietary rice bran improves the glycemic response in rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Nutritional Sciences Journal, 26(3) 159-70. 

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M. Yusuf, B.T. Kwong Huat, A. Hsu, M. Whiteman, M. Bhatia, and P.K. Moore, Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat is associated with enhanced tissue hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 333, 1146-1152 (2005). 

Some flavonoids, such as procyanidins, have antidiabetic properties because they improve altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms of diabetic states (Pinent and others 2004). Extract of grape seed procyanidins (PE) administered orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in an antihyperglycemic effect, which was significantly increased if PE administration was accompanied by a low insulin dose (Pinent and others 2004). The antihyperglycemic effect of PE may be partially due to the insuli-nomimetic activity of procyanidins on insulin-sensitive cell lines. 

Pinent M, Blay M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L and Ardevol A. 2004. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insuhnomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines Endocrinology 145(11) 4985 1990. 

Antioxidant enzymes also protect against free radical-mediated DNA degradation. For example, SOD and catalase as well as PARS inhibitors suppressed alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced islet DNA strand breaks [122], Uric acid inhibited single-strand DNA breaks induced... 

Lipid peroxidation is another free radical-mediated process enhanced in diabetes mellitus. It should be noted that some data obtained in animal models of diabetes could be misleading and not related to real diabetic state. For example, the enhanced intracellular generation of hydroxyl radicals has been shown in widely applied streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes in rats [121]. However, Lubec et al. [122] later showed that streptozotocin itself and not the diabetic state is responsible for the formation of hydroxyl radicals in this model. 

As in the case of other cardiovascular diseases, the possibility of antioxidant treatment of diabetes mellitus has been studied in both animal models and diabetic patients. The treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a-lipoic acid reduced superoxide production by aorta and superoxide and peroxynitrite formation by arterioles providing circulation to the region of the sciatic nerve, suppressed lipid peroxidation in serum, and improved lens glutathione level [131]. In contrast, hydroxyethyl starch desferrioxamine had no effect on the markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Lipoic acid also suppressed hyperglycemia and mitochondrial superoxide generation in hearts of glucose-treated rats [132],... 

Sanders et al. [133] found that although quercetin treatment of streptozotocin diabetic rats diminished oxidized glutathione in brain and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, this flavonoid enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation, decreased hepatic glutathione level, and increased renal and cardiac glutathione peroxidase activity. In authors opinion the partial prooxidant effect of quercetin questions the efficacy of quercetin therapy in diabetic patients. (Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of flavonoids are discussed in Chapter 29.) Administration of endothelin antagonist J-104132 to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats inhibited the enhanced endothelin-1-stimulated superoxide production [134]. Interleukin-10 preserved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice probably by reducing superoxide production by xanthine oxidase [135]. 

Leiter, E.H., Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and insulitis in C57BL mice Influence of inbred background, sex, and thymus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 630, 1982. 

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Cho WeS, Chung WS, Lee SKW, et al (2006) Ginsenoside Re of Panax ginseng possesses significant antioxidant and antihyperhpidemic efficacies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 550 173-179... 

Grover JK, Vats V, Rathi SS, Dewar R. (2001) Traditional Indian anti diabetic plants attenuate progression of renal damage in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharm 76 233-238. 

Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska T, Dworacka M, Kuczynski S, Abramczyk M, Kolanos R, Wysocka W, Garcia Lopez PM, Winiarska H. (2007) Hypoglycaemic effect of quinolizidine alkaloidslupanine and 2-thionosparteine on non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 565 240-244. 

Eliza J, Daisy P, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V. (2009) Normoglycemic, Hypolipidemic effect of cosmnoUde isolated from Costus speciosus (Koen ex. Retz.) Sm. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interat 179 329-334. 

Yokozawa T, Yamabe N, Kim HY, Kang KS, Hur JM, Park CH, Tanaka T. (2008) Protective effects of morroniside isolated from Corni fructus against renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull 31 1422-1428. 

Lai DM, Tu YK, Liu IM, Chen PL, Cheng JT. (2006) Mediation of N-endorphin by ginsenoside Rh2 to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 72 9-13. 

Perez Gntierrez RM, Vargas SoUs R, Garcia Baez E, Navarro YG (2009) Hypoglycemic activity of constituents from Astianthus viminalis in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Nat Med (Tokyo) 63 393-401. 

Hnatyszyn O, Mino J, Ferraro G Acevedo C. (2002) The hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus sellowianus fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytomedicine 9 556-559. 

Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. (2006) Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of rutin, a polyphenolic flavonoid, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 98 97-103. 

Coskun O, Kanter M, Korkmaz A, Oter S. (2005) Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and beta-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacol Res 51 117-123. 

Quine SD, Raghu PS. (2005) Effects of (-)-epicatechin, a flavonoid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in streptozotocin-induced diabetic liver, kidney and heart. Pharmacol Rep 57 610-615. 

Kamalakkannan N, Stanely Mainzen Prince P. (2006) Rutin improves the antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues. Mol Cell Biochem 293 211-219. 

Lee YS, Lee S, Lee HS, Kim B-K, Ohuchi K, Shin KH. (2005) Inhibitory effects of isorhamnetin-3-O-P-D-glucoside from Salicornia herbacea on rat lens aldose reductase and sorbitol accumulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 28 916-918. 

Korec R, Sensch KH, Zoukas T. (2000) Effects of the neoflavonoid coutareagenin, one of the antidiabetic active substances of Hintonia latiflora, on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 50 122-128. 

Schmatz R, Mazzanti CM, Spanevello R, StefaneUo N, Gutierres J, Correa M, da Rosa MM, Rubin MA, Chitolina Schetinger MR, Morsch VM. (2009) Resveratrol prevents memory deficits and the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J... 

Heo SI, Jin YS, Jung MJ, Wang MH. (2007) Anti-diabetic properties of 2,5-dihydroxy-4,3 -di-(P-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-tra i-stilbene from mulberry Moms bombycis Koidzumi) root in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 10 602-607. 

Ramesh B, Viswanathan P, Pugalendi KV. (2007) Protective effect of Umbelliferone on membranous fatty acid composition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 566 231-239. 

Banskota AH, Nguyen NT, Tezuka Y, Nobukawa T, Kadota S. (2006) Hypoglycemic effects of the wood of Taxus yunnanensis on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and its active components. Phytomedicine 13 109-114. 

Kamel, J., Ohsawa, M., Miyata, S., and Tanaka, S. I. (2008). Preventive effect of L-camosine on changes in the thermal nociceptive threshold in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 600, 83-86. 

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