Genes disruption

Mice homozygous for an ETA receptor gene disruption show craniofacial malformations, such as cleft palate, micrognathia, microtia and microglossia. ETA (—/—) mice die shortly after birth due to respiratory failure. Mice with an ET-l-null mutation show the same cranciofacial malformations and, in addition, cardiovascular disorders (e.g. septal defects, abnormal cardial outflow tract, aortic arch and subclavian arteries). 

Smit, J. W., et al. Contribution of the murine mdrla P-glycoprotein to hepatobiliary and intestinal elimination of cationic drugs as measured in mice with an mdrla gene disruption. Hepatology 1998, 27, 1056-1063. 

Giese, K. P.,Martini, R., Lemke, G., Soriano, P. and Schachner, M. Mouse P0 gene disruption leads to hypomyelination, abnormal expression of recognition molecules, and degeneration of myelin and axons. Cell 71 565-576,1992. 

Burns, N., Grimwade, B., Ross-Macdonald, P., Choi, E.-Y., Finberg, K., Roeder, G., and Snyder, M. (1994). Large-scale analysis of gene expression, protein localization, and gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 8, 1087—1105. 

Cytochrome c is thought to be an essential component of the apoptopic pathway responsive to DNA damage and other forms of cellular stress. This notion is based on studies with cell lines from mice having the gene disrupted (Li et al., 2000). These cell lines are refractory to apoptosis induced by stimuli that affect mitochondria. 

Lin SJ, Defossez PA, Guarente L (2000) Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 289 2126—2128 Luo J, Nikolaev AY, Imai S, Chen D, Su F, Shiloh A, Guarente L, Gu W (2001) Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell 107 137-148 Mabley JG, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Hasko G, Salzman AL, Rabinovitch A, Kun E, Szabo C (2001) Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase by gene disruption or inhibition with 5-iodo-6-amino-l,2-benzopyrone protects mice from multiple-low-dose-streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 133 909-919... 

Clark JC, Wert SE, Bachurski CJ, et al. Targeted disruption of the surfactant protein B gene disrupts surfactant homeostasis, causing respiratory failure in newborn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92(17) 7794 7798. 

Sander JD, Cade L, Khayter C et al (2011) Targeted gene disruption in somatic zebrafish cells using engineered TALENs. Nat Biotechnol 29 697-698... 

Somers DE, Devlin PF, Kay SA 1998 Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of th Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science 282 1488-1490 Stanewsky R, Kaneko M, Emery P et al 1998 The cryb mutation identifies cryptochrome as a circadian photoreceptor in Drosophila. Cell 95 681-692 Wang ZY, Tobin EM 1998 Constitutive expression of the CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 CCAl gene disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses its own expression. Cell 93 1207-1217... 

Oitzl MS, De Kloet ER (1992) Selective corticosteroid antagonists modulate specific aspects of spatial orientation learning. Behav Neimosci 106 62-71 Oitzl MS, de Kloet ER, Joels M, Schmid W, Cole TJ (1997) Spatial learning deficits in mice with a targeted glucocorticoid receptor gene disruption. Eur J Neurosci 9 2284-2296... 

Uhr M, Grauer MT (2003) abcblab P-glycoprotein is involved in the uptake of citalopram and trimipramine into the brain of mice. J Psychiatr Res 37 179-185 Uhr M, Sleekier T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F (2000) Penetration of amitriptyhne, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdrla P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Nemopsychopharmacology 22 380-387... 

Condeelis J (1993) Life at the leading edge the formation of cell protrusions. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9 411 44 Da T, Verkman AS (2004) Aquaporin-4 gene disruption in mice protects against impaired retinal function and cell death after ischemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45 4477 483 Deen PM, Verdijk MA, Knoers NV, Wieringa B, Monnens LA, van Os CH, van Oost BA (1994) Requirement of human renal water channel aquaporin-2 for vasopressin-dependent concentration of urine. Science 264 92-95... 

Mushegian and Koonin (1996) calculated an inventory of 256 genes that represents the amount of DNA required to sustain a modern type of minimal cell under permissible conditions. This number, as indicated later by Koonin (2000), is quite similar to the values of viable minimal genome sizes inferred by site-directed gene disruptions in B. subtilis (Itaya, 1995) and transposon-mediated... 

---