Status, antioxidant

In addition to the effects on blood lipids, it has been suggested that soy consumption has a beneficial action on arterial function and improves antioxidant status (Lichtenstein, 1998 and refs therein). Genistein and daidzein were shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro (Kerry and Abbey, 1998), to enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation and to reduce the development of atherosclerosis in monkeys (Honore et al, 1997 Wagner et al, 1997). 

Bonithon-Kopp, C. et al.. Combined effects of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status on carotid atherosclerosis in a population aged 59-71 years The EVA (Etude sur le Vieillisement Arteriel) study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 65, 121, 1997. 

Esterbauer et cil. (1992) have studied the in vitro effects of copper on LDL oxidation and have shown that there are three distinct stages in this process. In the first part of the reaction, the rate of oxidation is low and this period is often referred to as the lag phase the lag phase is apparently dependent on the endogenous antioxidant content of the LDL, the lipid hydroperoxide content of the LDL particle and the fatty acid composition. In the second or propagation phase of the reaction, the rate of oxidation is much faster and independent of the initial antioxidant status of the LDL molecule. Ultimately, the termination reactions predominate and suppress the peroxidation process. The extensive studies of Esterbauer et al. have demonstrated the relative importance of the endogenous antioxidants within the LDL molecule in protecting it from oxidative modification. 

The time-scale of this haem conversion is related to the antioxidant status of the LDL and that of the erythrocyte lysate. The incorporation of lipid-soluble antioxidants, such as tocopherol and butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) at specific time points during the LDL-erythrocyte interaction, prolongs the lag phase to oxidation, eliminates the oxy to ferryl conversion of the haemoglobin and delays the oxidative modification of the LDL. 

Situnayake et al., 1991). No correlation between disease activity and serum vitamin E concentrations was found, but it was su ested that such patients might suffer a reduced antioxidant capacity. However, it is conceivable that a decreased serum antioxidant status is a primary event in the evolution of RA. Recent studies (Heliovaara etal., 1994) have demonstrated that lowered levels of vitamin E, /3-carotene and selenium (required for glutathione peroxidase) together may be a risk fector for subsequent development of RA. 

Of all the epidermal cells studied in vitro with respect to antioxidant status, perhaps keratinocytes are the most important. These cells differentiate as they move upwards through the epidermis and there is evidence that, in... 

Duthie, G.G. and Arthur, J.R, (1987). Blood antioxidant status and plasma pyruvate kinase activity of halothane-reacting pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48, 309-310. 

Duthie, G.G., Robertson, J.D., Maughan, RJ. and Mortice, P.C. (1990). Blood antioxidant status and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation following distance running. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 282, 73-83. 

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) depletion is the most consistent evidence of compromised antioxidant status in diabetes with reports of reduced levels and altered metabolic turnover in several tissues in experimentally induced diabetes in animals (Rikans, 1981 Yew, 1983 McLennan et al., 1988) and in patients with diabetes (Som et al., 1981 Jennings et al., 1987 Sinclair et al., 1991). 

Ward. R. J. and Peters, T.J. (1992). The antioxidant status of patients with either alcohol-induced liver damage of myopathy. Alcohol and Alcoholism 27, 359-365. 

EDCC Study Group (1993). Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. Ill 104—109. 

Healthy non-smokers, 6 males, 10 females Duplicate whole diet menus from organic or conventional sources, 22 day duration Significant increase in urinary flavonoid excretion for organic diet. No difference in antioxidant status between organic or conventional diets. (Grinder-Pedersen et al., 2003)... 

The fermentation of polyphenols in the colon improves antioxidant status and yields different metabolites with potential systemic effects. 

Evans P and Halliwell B. 2001. Micronutrients oxidant/antioxidant status. Br J Nutr 85 s67—s74. 

Goni I and Serrano J. 2005. The intake of dietary fiber from grape seeds modifies the antioxidant status in rat cecum. J Sci Food Agric 85 1877-1881. 

Miller and others (1998) used ethane analysis to study the effect of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables on lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, Stewart and others (2002) used the formation of pentane to evaluate the antioxidant status of healthy young children in response to a commercially available fruit- and vegetable-based antioxidant supplement. 

This assay has been used by some authors to evaluate the in vitro effects of antioxidant extracts on LDL oxidation (Viana and others 1996 Cirico and Omaye 2006 Kedage and others 2007 Vayalil 2002 Garcfa-Alonso and others 2004 Tarwadi and Agte 2005). Oboh and others (2007) confirmed that hot pepper prevents in vitro lipid peroxidation in brain tissues. Indeed, Bub and others (2000) demonstrated that a moderate intervention with vegetable products rich in carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in men. Nicolle and others (2003) evaluated the effect of carrot intake on antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed rats. Later on, they showed that lettuce consumption improves cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in rats (Nicole and others 2004). 

This assay has been used to determine the antioxidant activity of common vegetables, fruits including apples and strawberries (Eberhardt and others 2000 Chu and others 2002 Sun and others 2002 MacLean and others 2003 Meyers and others 2003), and fruit juices (Lichtenthaler and Marx 2005). No studies have yet reported the application of TOSC assay for the assessment of in vivo antioxidant status. 

Arivazhagan S, Velmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V and Nagini S. 2004. Effects of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf on hepatic and blood oxidant-antioxidant status during experimental gastric carcinogenesis. J Med Food 7(3) 334—339. 

Amao MB, Cano A, Hemandez-Ruiz J, Garcia-Canovas F and Acosta M. 1996. Inhibition by L-ascorbic acid and other antioxidants of the 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) oxidation catalyzed by peroxidase a new approach for determining total antioxidant status of foods. Anal Biochem 236(2) 255—261. 

Bobek P. 1999. Dietary tomato and grape pomace in rats effect on lipids in serum and liver, and on antioxidant status. Br J Biomed Sci 56(2) 109—113. 

Dalla Valle AZ, Mignani I, Spinardi A, Galvano F and Ciappellano S. 2007. The antioxidant profile of three different peaches cultivars (Primus persica) and their short-term effect on antioxidant status in human. Eur Food Res Technol 225(2) 167-172. 

Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AMCE, Crozier A, Mullen W, Pirie L, Kyle J, Yap LS, Christen P and Duthie GG. 2006. The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers. Eur J Nutr 45(2) 113-122. 

Makris DP and Rossiter JT. 2001. Domestic processing of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) and asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis) effect on flavonol content and antioxidant status. J Agric Food Chem 49(7) 3216-3222. 

Mazza G, Kay CD, Cottrell T and Holub B J. 2002. Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem 50(26) 7731-7737. 

Nicolle C, Cardinault N, Aprikian O, Busserolles J, Grolier P, Rock E, Demigne C, Mazur A, Scalbert A, Amouroux P and Remesy C. 2003. Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and on antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed rat. Eur J Nutr 42(5) 254-261. 

Rice-Evans C and Miller, NJ. 1994. Total antioxidant status in plasma and body fluids. Methods Enzymol 234 279-293. 

Stewart RJ, Askew EW, McDonald CM, Metos J, Jackson WD, Balon TW and Prior RL. 2002. Antioxidant status of young children response to an antioxidant supplement. J Am Diet Assoc 102(11) 1652—1657. Stratil P, Klejdus B and Kuban V. 2006. Determination of total content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables evaluation of spectrophotometric methods. J Agric Food Chem... 

The reaction of peroxidase (metmyoglobin) with hydrogen peroxide leads to the generation of a green-blue radical from a colorless compound 2,2 -azino-(u s(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). It is slowed down in the presence of an antioxidant, an effect that is used for its quantitation in the Total Antioxidant Status Kit (manufacturer Randox, UK) [10]. Problems associated with this method are due to potential interference of the reaction compound H202 with components of the sample to be investigated. No investigation of fat-soluble compounds is possible. 

Analysis of antioxidants (antioxidant status) for characterization of the anti-oxidative homeostasis in organisms by selective measurement of the ACP can be very meaningful for efficient supervision of antioxidant therapy as well. 

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