Memory deficit

Vinpocetine (2), another dmg initially categorized as a cerebral vasodilator, is a member of the vinca alkaloid family of agents (7). However, interest in this compound as a potential dmg for learning and memory deficits comes from its abiUty to act as a neuronal protectant. This compound was evaluated in 15 patients with AD over a one-year period and was ineffective in improving cognitive deficits or slowing the rate of decline (8). However, in studies of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction (9) and organic psycho syndrome (10), vinpocetine showed beneficial results. 

S100B Developmental brain dysfunction, learning and memory deficits... 

Miotto K, Darakjian J, Basch J, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. Am J Addict 10 232-241, 2001 Moncini M, Masini E, Gambassi F, et al Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and alcohol-related syndromes. Alcohol 20 285-291, 2000 Morgan MJ Memory deficits associated with recreational use of ecstasy (MDMA). 

The main disturbance in inhalant intoxication delirium is a reversible decrease in the level of consciousness and awareness of the environment, which includes an inability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. The intoxicated person is confused and easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli and difficult to engage in a meaningful conversation. He or she may also exhibit prominent disorientation, short- and long-term memory deficits, language disturbances, and perceptual disturbances that may include illusions and hallucinations. Other prominent features associated with inhalant intoxication delirium are... 

The memory deficits characteristic of Alzheimer s disease have not yet been successfully treated. There is reason to believe that potent acetylcholinesterase-resistant cholinomimetics might be effective in treating these deficits, but systemic administration of agents of this type, such as bethanechol, does not adequately deliver such... 

Howard, M. A., Gross, A., Grady, M. S., Langer, R., Mathiowitz, E., Winn, H. R., and Mayberg, M. R., Intracerebral drug delivery in rats reverses lesion-induced memory deficits,... 

AR is the most common atopic disease in the United States. It affects between 9% and 24% of adults and up to 42% of children.2,3 More than 80 million Americans experience 7 or more days of nasal-ocular symptoms annually as a result of AR.3 Additionally, AR is responsible for 3.5 million lost work days and 2 million missed school days annually in the United States.4 In addition to decreased quality of life from AR symptoms, patients also suffer from disrupted sleep, resulting in fatigue, irritability, memory deficits, excessive daytime somnolence, and depression that further reduce quality of life.5... 

Given the mixed results in the literature, it is difficult to know just how caffeine does affect memory. To some extent, the differential effects may depend on the memory assessment method (recall or recognition) and the time frame (immediate or delayed). Gender differences may also cloud the picture, as discussed above. Even when these differences are taken into account, however, unexplained discrepancies remain. One partial explanation may be that the differential effects of caffeine are a function of the subject s memory load. For example, Anderson65 found that caffeine enhanced low load memory tasks but was detrimental in high load tasks. This could be due to the increased arousal induced by the high load task, which, in the presence of caffeine, could produce overarousal. The drop in arousal output as the subject crossed the peak of the inverted U-shaped function could cause the memory deficits observed in some studies. 

Morgan MJ (1999). Memory deficits associated with recrational use of Ecstasy (MDMA). Psychopharmacology, 141, 30-36. 

Parrott AC, Lees A, Garnham NJ, Jones M and Wesnes K (1998). Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or Ecstasy Evidence for memory deficits. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12, 79-83. 

Wareing M, Fisk JE and Murphy PN (2000). Working memory deficits in current and previous users of MDMA ( Ecstasy ). British Journal of Psychology, 91, 181-188. 

Ohno, M., Sametsky, E. A., Younkin, L. H. et al. BACE1 deficiency rescues memory deficits and cholinergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer s disease. Neuron 41 27-33,... 

Dodart, J. C., Bales, K. R., Gannon, K. S. et al. Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain A(3 burden in Alzheimer s disease model. Nature Neurosci. 5 452M57, 2002. 

Rampon, C.,Tang,Y., Goodhouse, J. etal. Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice. Nature Neurosci. 3 238-244, 2000. 

Wechsler Memory Scale. The Wechsler Memory (WMEM) Scale is a brief test that is used to measure memory deficits. There are two forms of the test, and they are generally alternated to avoid a training effect in children taking the test on two or more occasions. 

Dunnett, S.B., Evenden, J.L., and Iversen, S.D., Delay-dependent short term memory deficits in aged rats, Psychopharmacology, 96, 174-180, 1982. 

Memory deficits are typically the first to appear in Alzheimer s disease. There is a pronounced impairment of explicit long-term memory. This involves subjective memory for events (episodic) and for factual information (semantic). Remote memories are impaired, but less so than recent ones. 

Memory impairments produced by choiine deprivation in rats are improved by nicotine (Sasaki et ai. 1991). It reduces memory deficits due to septohippocampai iesions or aged animais (Levin 1992). Nicotine s effect on memory not oniy appears after acute administration, but may persist for at least 4 weeks after the end of chronic administration (Levin et ai. 1992). 

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