Grape seeds Procyanidins

Some flavonoids, such as procyanidins, have antidiabetic properties because they improve altered glucose and oxidative metabolisms of diabetic states (Pinent and others 2004). Extract of grape seed procyanidins (PE) administered orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats resulted in an antihyperglycemic effect, which was significantly increased if PE administration was accompanied by a low insulin dose (Pinent and others 2004). The antihyperglycemic effect of PE may be partially due to the insuli-nomimetic activity of procyanidins on insulin-sensitive cell lines. 

ESI-MS in the positive ion mode enabled to detect [M + H] ions up to the galloylated pentamer. Analysis of wine proanthocyanidins showed the presence of additional series of species with 16 mass unit differences to signals given by grape seed procyanidins. These were attributed to the presence of (epi)gallocatechin units in mixed procyanidin prodelphinidin... 

Ricardo da Silva, J.M. et ak, Interaction of grape seed procyanidins with various proteins in relation to wine fining. J. Set FoodAgric. 57, 111, 1991. 

Top Influence of BSA on the aggregation with oligomeric grape seed procyanidins O.lOmM (in 12% aqueous ethanol, 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 5.0) [78]. Bottom ... 

Figure 8.6 Chromatograms of grape seed procyanidins. Excitation and emission wavelength were 230 nm and 321 nm using fluorescence detector. (A) was run on a 250 X 4.6 mm phenomenex Luna silica column using gradient in Table 8.1. (B) was run on a Develosil Diol 100 A column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 pm particle size) using gradient in Table 8.3. Same sample and injection volume (10 pL) was used. Numbers above the peaks denote the DP values of procyanidins in the peaks.

Ricardo da Silva, J. M., Cheynier, V, Souquet, J.-M., Moutounet, M., Cabanis, J.-C., Bourzeix, M. (1991b). Interaction of grape seed procyanidins with various proteins in relation to wine fining. /. Sci. Food Agric., 57, 111-125. 

Mateus, N., Pinto, R., Ruao, R, de Freitas, V. A. P. (2004c). Influence of the addition of grape seed procyanidins to Port wines in the resulting reactivity with human salivary proteins. Food Chem., 84, 195-200. 

Del Bas, J. M., Fernandez-Larrea, J., Blay, M., Ardevol, A., Salvado, M. J., Arola, L., Blade, C. (2005). Grape seed procyanidins improve atherosclerotic risk index and induce liver CYP7A1 and SHP expression in healthy rats. FASEB J., 19, 479 81. 

Terra, X., Pallares, V., Ardevol, A., Blade, C., et al. 2011. Modulatory effect of grape-seed procyanidins on local and systemic inflammation in diet-induced obesity rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22 380-387. 

Karthikeyan, K Sarala Bai, BR Devaraj, SN. Cardioprotective effect of grape seed procyanidins on isoproemol-induced myocardial injury in rats. Journal of Cardiovascular pharmacology 2QQ9, 53, 109-115. 

Pinent M, Blay M, Blade MC, Salvado MJ, Arola L and Ardevol A. 2004. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insuhnomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines Endocrinology 145(11) 4985 1990. 

Lu Y, Zhou WZ, Chang Z, Chen W-X and Li L. 2004. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect against phorbol ester-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25(8) 1083-1089. 

Ricardo DS, Darmon N, Eemandez Y et al (1991) Oxygen free radical scavenger capacity in aqueous models of different procyanidins from grape seeds. 1 Agric Pood Chem 39 1549-1552... 

Ricardo DS, Rigaud JM, Cheynier V et al (1991) Procyanidin dimers and trimers from grape seeds. Phytochemistry 30 1259-1264... 

Rigaud 1, Escribano-Bailon MT, Prieur C et al (1993) Normal phase high performance liquid chromatographic separation of procyanidins from cacao beans and grape seeds. 1 Chromatogr 654 255-260... 

Prieur C, Rigaud J, Cheynier V et al (1994) Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins from grape seeds. Phytochemistry 36 781-784... 

Sun B, Belchior P, Ricardo-da-SUva JM et al (1999) Isolation and purification of dimeric and trimeric procyanidins from grape seeds. J Chromatogr A 841 115-121... 

Kohler N, Wray V, Winterhalter P (2008) Preparative isolation of procyanidins from grape seed extracts by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1177 114-125... 

Sano, A., Yamakoshi, J., Tokutake, S., Tobe, K., Kubota, Y., and Kikuchi, M., Procyanidin B1 is detected in human serum after intake of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67, 1140, 2003. 

A dual-electrode liquid chromatography-electrochemistry (LCEC) system used in the detection and identification of flavanols and procyanidins in wines and grape seeds is a valuable tool (30). Voltammetric behavior of phenolic compounds by LCEC could provide information that cannot be obtained using HPLC with UV detection, for which the identification is usually based on a comparison of the retention time with that of standard compounds, especially for the identification of catechins and procyanidins with a small amount of sample available (30). Figure 10 shows the procyanidins commonly found in wines. 

Aldini G, Carini M, Piccoli A, Rossoni G Facino RM. 2003. Procyanidins from grape seeds protect endothelial cells from peroxynitrite damage and enhance endothelium-dependent relaxation in human artery New evidences for cardio-protection. Life Sci 73 2883-2898. 

It is a diuretic. An extract of the flowers and leaves improves cardiac output and the contractility of the heart muscle. Flavonoids in hawthorn have been shown to increase blood flow in the heart by dilating blood vessels in coronary arteries. Hawthorn has lowered cholesterol in animal studies, probably due to its oligomeric procyanidins (OPC), a type of bioflavonoid similar to that found in the extracts of grape seed and grape skin. 

Grape seed extract, which is another widely used plant extract similar to pycnogenol, contains procyanidins, which have a strong antioxidant activity. 

The effects of pycnogenol on circulation can be seen as the outcome of two different activities — relaxation of arterial walls and increase of capillary resistance. The combination of these effects results in an increase of peripheral blood flow and a facilitation of microcirculation. Early studies suggested a strong vasoactivity of procyanidins extracted from sources such as wine and grape seed, which have recently been confirmed for pycnogenol. 

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