Specific Equipment Considerations

Although transformers suitable for other industrial installations are generally suitable for producing applications, certain options may be desirable— primarily due to environmental considerations. At locations subject to harsh environmental conditions, and particularly at locations subject to washdown with high-pressure hoses, non-ventilated enclosures are desirable, if not necessary. Likewise, at locations subjected to salt water and salt-laden air, it often is desirable to specify copper windings and lead wires. Most manufacturers provide standard units with aluminum windings and lead wires. Even if aluminum coils are used, it is almost always desirable to require stranded copper lead wires. This will lessen corrosion and loose terminal problems when transformers arc interconnected to the facility electrical system with copper conductors. If the transformers are to be installed outdoors in corrosive environments, cases should be of corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel) or be provided with an exterior coating suitable for the location. 

Many producing facilities are located offshore or in other environmentally sensitive areas. In these areas, the use of dry (versus liquid-filled) transformers will eliminate the necessity of providing curbing and other containment systems to prevent pollution. Dry transformers are normally preferred for most production facility applications. Liquid-filled transformers should be considered, however, for high voltage and large units (particularly over several hundred kVA). 

Apart from considerations given to corrosion resistance and suitability for hazardous (classified) areas, the selection of electric motors for oil field applications is the same as the selection of electric motors for other industrial applications. One exception may be the selection of motors for areas where electric power is self-generated. Frequency and voltage variations may occasionally occur at such locations. For such locations, consideration should be given to specifying motors which are tolerant to at least 10% voltage variations and 5% frequency variations. 

It is cautioned that NEMA Design B motors (normal starting torque) may not be suitable for applications requiring high starting torque such as positive displacement pumps. NEMA Design C motors should be used in this service. 

Most standard motors are manufactured using non-hygroscopic NEMA Class B insulation. For added protection in an offshore environment, open drip-proof or weather protected motors should be specified with a sealed insulation system. NEMA Class F insulation is also available in most motor sizes and is advisable to provide an improved service factor. 

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The basic principles of effective procedure writing previously presented apply equally well to batch processes, but batch processes also have specific procedure considerations. Batch equipment often is used to produce multiple products with the same components. Typical batch operations are ... 

The use of the international classification according to lubricant material application allows us to group lubricant materials that are made in different countries in the classes of the application area. This considerably facilitates the task of selecting the lubricant materials for the specific equipment. 

A number of aspects must be taken into consideration when deciding to burn AF in a rotary kiln. Technical aspects, such as the heat value of different fuel types, are very important. A possible negative impact on both the clinker quality and refractory lining must also be taken into consideration. The refractory lifetime could be reduced. To avoid this, more heat and chemical resistant refractory materials should be installed as refractory lining on the external burner pipe. Economic aspects are also important and should always be kept in mind. The availability of different AF has to be considered, transportation and preparation expenses, the cost of specific equipment together with supplementary additions, plus the cost of emission control devices. 

In this article, we will not describe in detail the experimental equipment used to determine the optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of these materials. Standard instruments were used for EPR,ENDOR. solid-state NMR. SQUID susceptibility, powder conductivity, optical reflectance and transmittance, and DSC. although some home-built instruments were involved. The specific equipment used is described in the references. The major consideration in designing and using equipment is the need to keep the samples cold and away from air and moisture at all times. 

There are three basic categories of adhesive bonding used, each requiring specific equipment. Selection of a particular technique depends on the nature of the substrates used and final application. There are a considerable number of adhesive laminating materials and techniques or variants upon the theme, but it can be reduced to the three basic types of material, aqueous based (see Emulsion and dispersion adhesives), Soivent-based adhesives, solventless 100% solids or Hot melt adhesives, and to the two basic techniques, wet and dry lamination. 

Has a pressure vessel engineer reviewed the design/repair specifications and considerations for new, altered or repaired equipment ... 

Proper lubricant selection depends on the system needs and cost considerations. The final choice depends on the equipment design, operating conditions, and method of application, as well as health, safety, and environmental considerations. Whenever possible, these recommendations should be followed. In addition, most reputable oil suppliers keep in close contact with major equipment builders and are available to consult with users on lubricant selection. In addition, many PC software programs have recently become available that guide the user in making intelligent selections for specific equipment. 

Readers interested in transport phenomena at different scales will And molecular, pore-scale, particle-scale and particle system or processing equipment considerations, as in every volume of the series, and those aiming at interdisciplinary approaches will see clear links to food engineering, pharmaceutical technology, biotechnology, mechanics, and material science. People looking for their specific product may not be able to find it in the present volume, but they may learn from methods and approaches successfully applied to other products. For a book without encyclopedic ambitions, which aims at the educated use of modem scientific methods in practice, this would be the biggest success. 

Design properties. Covering aspects related to redundancy, diversity and functionality of the specific equipment (see example in Table 3). Special considerations. Aspects related to previous experience with/maturity of the equipment, complexity of the design, possible weak points in the design, etc. Human machine interface. Aspects related to accessibility to and maintainability of the equipment, including planned level of human interaction in... 

In Section 10.0, we have discussed process design and processing equipment rather than the layout oi production facilities. Once a process scheme has been defined, the fashion in which equipment and plant is located is determined partly by transportation considerations (e.g. pipeline specifications) but also by the surface environment. 

Based on these considerations, the conformity assessment tables comprise 4 tables for vessels and 4 tables for piping. A further table relates to fired or otherwise heated equipment. Specific procedures are set out for the assessment of assemblies and of safety accessories. 

First, considerably greater emphasis has been placed on semimicro techniques and their application to preparations, separations, analysis and physical determinations such as those of molecular weight. We have therefore greatly expanded the section on Manipulation on a semi-micro scale which was in the Third Edition, and we have described many more preparations on this scale, some independent and others as alternatives to the larger-scale preparations which immediately precede them. Some 40 separate preparations on the semi-micro scale are described in detail, in addition to specific directions for the preparation of many classes of crystalline derivatives required for identification purposes. The equipment required for these small-scale reactions has been selected on a realistic basis, and care has been taken not to include the very curious pieces of apparatus sometimes suggested as necessary for working on the semi-micro scale. 

The first step in the procedure is to define the purpose, objectives, and scope of the study. The more precisely this is done, the more focused and relevant the committee discussions can be. The next step is to collect all relevant information on the process under consideration. This includes flow diagrams, process equipment specifications, nominal flows, etc. The procedure is highly dependent on the reflabiUty of this information. Efforts expended here are worthwhile. Many committees use the flow sheet as the central stmcture to organize thek discussions. 

Pilot-plant design specifications should be estabUshed only after careful consideration of the experimental program because decisions on the accuracy of instmments, analyzers, and other equipment should be based on the requirements of the experiments planned for the unit. FlexibiUty and versatihty ate important but costly when provided unnecessarily or too profusely they can result in a unit that is difficult or impossible to operate successfully... 

Under typical chlorination conditions, most elements are chlorinated. Therefore, for every metric ton of titanium tetrachloride produced, lower grade feedstocks requite more chlorine. Minor impurities such as alkaline-earths, where the chlorides are relatively involatile, may either inhibit bed-fluidization or cause blockages in the equipment and requite particular consideration regarding feedstock specification. 

The constant may depend on process variables such as temperature, rate of agitation or circulation, presence of impurities, and other variables. If sufficient data are available, such quantities may be separated from the constant by adding more terms ia a power-law correlation. The term is specific to the Operating equipment and generally is not transferrable from one equipment scale to another. The system-specific constants i and j are obtainable from experimental data and may be used ia scaleup, although j may vary considerably with mixing conditions. Illustration of the use of data from a commercial crystallizer to obtain the kinetic parameters i, andy is available (61). 

In selec ting the machines of choice, the use of specific speed and diameter best describe the flow. Figure 10-67 shows the characteristics of the three types of compressors. Other considerations in chemical plant service such as problems with gases which may be corrosive or have abrasive solids in suspension must be dealt with. Gases at elevated temperatures may create a potential explosion hazard, while air at the same temperatures may be handled qmte normally minute amounts of lubricating oil or water may contaminate the process gas and so may not be permissible, and for continuous-process use, a high degree of equipment rehability is required, since frequent shutdowns for inspec tion or maintenance cannot be tolerated. 

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